1. Industrial Revolution
Dawn of the Industrial Age
Chapter 5, Section 1

2. Life Before the Industrial Revolution
People worked the land to earn their living
They lived in cottages illuminated by candlelight – no electricity!!
Made their own clothing (No malls)
Grew their own food
Did not travel beyond their village until Industrial Revolution (few roads)
Transportation, inventions, and growth of cities changed people’s lives

3. Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h235t89WpYU
Life Before the Industrial Revolution

4. New inventions of the 19th century
Telegraph
Anesthesia
Sewing machine
These inventions revolutionized 1) communication, 2) medicine/dentistry, and 3) clothing manufacturing.

5. New inventions of the 19th century
Speed of light (physics)
Introduction of antiseptic methods to reduce the risk of women dying in childbirth.

6. Skyscrapers and Suburbs
Skyscrapers and suburbs all trace their origins to technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution.

7. Changes in Agriculture Led to the Industrial Revolution

8. Agriculture New farming techniques led to industrial revolution
British farmers began experiments to improve soil quality because some crops depleted the nutrients in the soil
Improved soil led to abundant crops
Farmers experimented with crop rotation
Charles Townshend created a four-year crop rotation with rotations of wheat, barley, turnips, and clover

9. Charles Townshend
Developer of the crop rotation technique.

10. Seed Drill
Prior to the Seed Drill, seeds were dropped on the ground by hand. This resulted in uneven crops that looked like “clumps” on the ground.
Jethro Tull invented the Seed Drill – a device that evenly spread the seed on the ground.
This improved the quality of the rows of crops (e.g., corn)
Before
After
Seed Drill

11. Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

12. Crop Rotation
Farmers had poor crop harvests because they planted the same crop year after year
Planting the same crop annually depleted the soil of essential nutrients
The system of crop rotation improved the soil quality
Farmers divided their fields into quadrants and planted a different crop in each quadrant
The farmer then “rotated” the crops, e.g, clockwise/counter-clockwise
Soil that was depleted by a crop in season 1 was replaced by a different crop in season 2, then season 3, and so on…
The strategy behind crop rotation was that some crops depleted the soil and other crops replaced the soil in an alternating fashion.

13. Crop Rotation
Wheat
Barley
Turnips
Clover

14. Enclosure
Enclosure was the process of combining smaller farms (formerly shared by peasant farmers) into one LARGE farming operation
Farmland was “enclosed” together
This was more efficient and caused agricultural output to increase
Profits rose because fewer workers needed; it led to lower labor costs

15. Employment Effects of Enclosure
Fewer workers needed
Some farm workers lost their jobs
Small farmers cannot compete with large farms
Small farmers sell their land to large farmers
Unemployed farmworkers migrate to cities in search of work
Former farmworkers become the new factory workers

16. Why did population increase in Europe?
Changes in agricultural techniques led to more food production
Abundant food supplies reduced the risk of disease and death
More food = healthier people
Better hygiene and sanitation
Improved medical care slowed death from disease

17. New Technology Emerges
New sources of energy were used – coal, water, steam, iron
Coal was important power source
Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen

18. New Technology James Watt made Newcomen steam engine more efficient
Watt partnered with Matthew Boulton to market the “Watt” Steam Engine (Watt a great invention!!)
Steam engine contributed to development of machinery, locomotives, and steamships

19. Iron Coal was fuel source to produce iron
Quality iron was needed to produce industrial machinery
Abraham Darby used coal, not charcoal, to smelt (separate) iron from the ore
Better, less expensive, and stronger iron was produced leading to improved machinery
Darby built the world’s first iron bridge
Iron was used to construct railroads
Uh, not this iron.

20. Powerpoint Questions (21 points)
1. How did people illuminate their homes before electricity?
2. Name the agricultural technique that improved farming production.
3. Who invented the seed drill?
4. What was the process of combining smaller farms into large farming operations?
5. Where did farmworkers migrate after losing their agricultural jobs? Why?
6. What sources of energy were used at the dawn of the industrial age? (4 points)

21. Powerpoint Questions 7. Who invented the steam engine?
8. Who improved upon and helped market the steam engine?
9. What did steam engines help to build? (3 points)
10. What was coal used to produce?
11. Who developed a technique to smelt iron from the ore?

22. Powerpoint Questions
12. What was the stronger iron used to construct? (2 points)
13. What invention revolutionized communication in the 19th century?
14. What discovery made surgical/dental procedures less painful
15. What tall buildings changed the landscape of urban areas?