1. French Revolution of 1848 Irish Potato Famine had effects on food prices and caused unemployment. Gov’t refused popular vote, that finally set off revolt in Paris, Feb. 1848. Louis Napoleon elected as leader in Dec. 1848 and returned as authoritarian leader

2. Unifications of Italy and Germany

3. Europe in 1850 (Fragmented after Revolutions)

4. Unification of Italy  Giuseppe Mazzini organized a nationalistic group called Young Italy.  The Nationalists looked to Piedmont-Sardinia to unify Italy because it was the most powerful and largest of the Italian states.  King Victor Emmanuel II was the leader of Sardinia. He appointed Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister.

6. Cavour Unites Italy  Cavour made an alliance with France and soon provoked a war with Austria. Austria was dispelled from Italy.  Cavour then recruited a nationalist army called the Red Shirts led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. Europe in 1860 after the defeat of Austria by France and Sardinia

7. Europe in 1861 after Garibaldi’s Red Shirts take over the Kingdom of Naples

8. Unification of Germany  In 1861 Wilhelm I became the emperor to the throne of Prussia.  Wilhelm appointed the Junker Otto von Bismarck.  Junker were members of Prussia’s wealthy land owners.  Bismarck took on the policy “Blood and Iron”.

10. Europe in 1865; After the defeat of Denmark by Prussia and Austria

11. Unification through War  Bismarck picks a fight with Austria- Hungary over territories in Denmark in the Seven Weeks War.  Then, in order to persuade southern Catholic Germans to unify, he picked a fight with France.

12. Europe in 1867 After the defeat of Austria in the Seven Weeks’ War

13. Franco-Prussian War  Causes:  Bismarck altered the Ems telegram between Wilhelm I and the French Ambassador that insulted the French.  80,000 French forces were surrounded including Napoleon III.  King Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser at the Palace of Versailles. (Complete insult to France)

14. The Franco-Prussian War

15. Europe in 1871 after the declaration of the German Empire

16. The Balance of Power shifts  By 1871, Great Britain and Germany were the two most powerful nations in Europe; both militarily and economically.

17. Political Cartoons  A French newspaper portrayed Otto von Bismarck as gobbling up individuals.  The knife represents foreign policy through means of war.  The author portrays him moving very fast; don’t get in his way, if you do then you are eaten up.

18. Europe from 1860-1914

19. Modernization of Russia The defeat in the Crimean War left Russia realizing how far they let themselves fall behind the Industrialized Nations of the West. The greatest reform for Russia was the freeing of the serfs in 1861 under Alexander II (1855-1881) The Zemstvo was established; assembly that governed locally and were elected.

20. Industrialization of Russia Alexander II Industrialization came in the form of transportation; linking the vast country together

21. The Revolution of 1905 Peasants were feeling unrest from poverty and over population and military was suffering losses in Russo- Japanese War. Peasants and workers led by Father Gapon, were staging a peaceful petition to the csar, when guards open fired on them calling it Bloody Sunday The October Manifesto formed the popular elected Duma (Parliament).

22. Reform in Germany The elected Parliament known as the Reichstag was formed along with political parties. 1873 saw financial crisis from cheap grain from abroad. Fixed this with higher tariffs on imported food - protectionalism Bismarck attempted to win the support of the working class; started social security, sick banks, accidental insurance, retirement benefits.

23. Modernization of France Trade Unions were legalized, free compulsory schools were available to both sexes, and France started to forge an empire in Africa The Dreyfus affair split the country a part based on religion. (read docs) The Gov’t separated itself from the church completely after the Dreyfus affair.

24. Modernization of Great Britain John Stuart Mill, philosopher, publishes On Liberty and addresses the problem of protecting rights of individuals and minorities in mass electoral participation

25. Modernization of Great Britain Reform Bill of 1884 gave the vote to almost every adult male and in 1906 the People’s Budget came into effect. With the help of David Lloyd George, the Liberal Party raised taxes on the rich that helped pay for national health insurance, unemployment benefits, and old aged pensions.

26. Modernization of Austro-Hungary Ethnic Nationalism, and the defeat in the Austro-Prussian War weakened the emperor Francis Joseph and its empire. Ethnic diversity strengthened by nationalism weakened the vast multi-cultural empire of Austro-Hungary Peoples of Habsburg Empire in 1815

27. Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism Jews throughout Europe were gradually gaining rights such as abolishing choice of occupations, place of residence, and property ownership By 1871, one historian writes, “it was widely accepted in Central Europe that the gradual disappearance of anti-Jewish prejudice was inevitable” Stock Market crash of 1873 caused vicious anti-Semitism. Blamed Jews for the crash and unemployment. Central Europeans believed Jewish race was damaging German population; small shop keepers, extreme nationalists, office workers, professionals also resented Jews.

28. Theodor Herzl Herzl was the founder of modern Zionism; the creation of Jewish state. He believed the only way Jews could live without anit- semitism was to have their own flag and be respected. Nationalism in Judaism

29. Marxism and the Socialist Movement Socialism mainly appealed to working men and women in the factories. Marx believed that “working men have no country.” Marx formed the International Working Men’s Association in which promoted socialism on a global scale. (May Day; May 1=Strike!)

30. The Socialist Movement Workers wanted change but were not willing to have a revolution for the socialist cause. WHY? Germany led the way in the Political Socialist Party and revisionism; revise Marxian doctrine and ideas to the realities of the time. Edward Berstein wrote Evolutionary Socialism; outlines try for more progressive change through unions, economic development, and legislation