1. MIDDLE COLONIES

2. NEW YORK Proprietary Colony: Colony in which the owner, or proprietor, owns all the land and controls the government Taken from the Netherlands (Dutch) Diverse population of Dutch, German, Swedish, and Native Americans 1664: 8,000 inhabitants 1683: 12,000 inhabitants

4. NEW JERSEY The Duke of York gave the southern part of New York to two proprietors This southern part of New York becomes New Jersey To attract settlers, they offer large tracts of land and religious freedom

5. New Jersey had ethnic and religious diversity New Jersey had no natural harbors Problems? Few Profits 1702: New Jersey becomes a royal colony

7. PENNSYLVANIA 1681: King Charles II gives William Penn land as a payment for a debt owed to Penn’s father Colony was named Pennsylvania Quakers Equality Follow own “inner light” to salvation Pacifists: People who refuse to use force or fight William Penn designed Philadelphia

8. Penn negotiated with Native Americans Paid them for land Created several treaties 1701: Charter of Liberties Granted colonists the right to elect representatives

10. DELAWARE Swedes had settled in southern Pennsylvania before the English took over Charter of Privileges Allowed these counties to form their own legislature Delaware is formed as a separate colony under Pennsylvania’s governor

12. SOUTHERN COLONIES White Males control most property Plantations Important for economic growth of the Southern colonies As the number of plantations grow the need for workers increased Workers included: English criminals, prisoners of war, African slaves, and indentured servants Indentured Servants: Agreed to work without pay for a certain length of time to pay off a debt

13. MARYLAND George Calvert, Lord Baltimore Son Celcilius will inherit colony Safe Haven for Catholics Proprietary Colony Estates: Pieces of land Given to English aristocrats Maryland relied on indentured servants and enslaved Africans to work on plantations

15. MASON-DIXON LINE 1760s Pennyslvania and Maryland argued over the boundary between the states Mason-Dixon Line: Created to end the dispute between Pennslyvania and Maryland by setting their boundary

17. CAROLINA 1663 “Charles’ Land” Proprietary Colony John Locke created a Constitution for the colony Constitution: Plan of government Split into North and South Carolina

18. North Carolina Grew Tobacco, sold timber and tar Lacked a good harbor South Carolina Fertile farmland Charles Town Deerskin, lumber, and beef Rice and Indigo became chief crops

20. GEORGIA 1733 James Olgethorpe Colony was set up for debtors and poor people to make a fresh start Debtors: Not able to repay debts British hoped that Georgia would protect the colonies from Spain Georgia is returned to the crown in 1751 Poor people, religious refugees, and some Jews settled in Georgia

22. NEW ENGLAND Subsistence Farming: Farmers produce enough to meet their own families’ needs, with little left over to sell Farming is the main economic activity of all the colonies Northern farmers relied on their children for labor Spinning yarn, preserving fruit, milking cows, fencing fields, harvesting

23. OTHER INDUSTRIES New England Mills Women made cloth, candles, soap Skilled craftspeople Shipbuilding Lumber for building ships came from nearby forests New England is the center of colonial trade

24. MIDDLE COLONIES Cash Crops: Farm crop raised to be sold for money Industries Carpentry Flour making Lumbering, mining, and manufacturing

25. SOUTHERN COLONIES Most settlers in the South made their living from farming Principal Cash Crops Tobaccco- Maryland and Virginia Rice- South Carolina and Georgia Tobacco is sold in Europe Slave Code: Strict rules that governed the behavior and punishment of enslaved Africans Slaves could not learn to read or write Slaves could not leave without their owner’s permission The majority of white Southerners were NOT slaveholders!

26. TRIANGULAR TRADE North America to England: Rice, Tobacco, Indigo, Furs England to Africa: Cloth, Manufactured goods Africa to Americas: Slaves, Gold, Pepper Middle Passage: Part of the Triangular Trade where enslaved Africans are shipped to the West Indies Terrible conditions Spent more than a month chained together in tight spaces Approximately 12 million Africans