1. Britain 1800 - 1914 Change and Stability

2. CHANGES 1  New farming and animal husbandry techniques  New manufacturing methods  Growth in use of machinery in factories  Urbanisation  Growth of industries and employment  Growth of towns  New social classes  Wealthy business owners  Huge industrial workforce

3.  Popular political movements  People able to voice their grievances  Change in political system  More representative of population  Greater protection of interest  Social Reforms  Change in patterns of education  Free basic education  Greater access to tertiary education  Increased prosperity  Increased leisure time/recreational activities

4. SIGNFICANCE  Changes are multifaceted  Changes amount to an economic revolution  Changes included agricultural and industrial revolutions  Emphasised a break with tradition  Change was occurring at an ever increasing pace – greater than previously experienced

5. HISTORICAL QUESTIONS  Did change contribute to stability?  Did stability set limits to change?  Were the changes superficial or fundamental?  Who or what caused the changes?  What did people at the time think was happening?

6. New farming and animal husbandry techniques  Seed drill – more precise sowing  Horse drawn hoe – easier for weeding and crop cultivation  New types of crops – turnips, clover – led to improved soil quality  Selective breeding of stock – led to increased meat, milk and fleece yields  Enclosure Act

7. FARMING CHANGES  Significant population increases led to greater demand for farm products  Better for wealthier, larger landholders  Conditions worsened for the poorer, smaller rural population  Mechanisation led to shift in labour supply from rural agricultural to urban industrial

8. New manufacturing methods Growth in use of machinery in factories  Technical innovations increased output  Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny  Arkwright’s water frame  Crompton’s mule  Steam power allowed mining, cotton and iron industries to expand  Improvement in iron & steel – use of coke instead of charcoal – lowered cost and increased output  Development of the factory – hired workforce, power driven machinery, large standardised output  Improved transportation – roads, canals, steam trains, steamships led to increased trade within Britain and for export

9. Urbanisation Growth of industries, employment, towns  Factory based instead of cottage based  Powered machines instead of hand tools  Located near raw materials  Concentration of population near workplaces – urbanisation

10. New social classes Wealthy business owners Huge industrial workforce  Ownership and control concentrated in the hands of a few - capitalist class  Middle class benefited the most  Factory owners and managers  Office and skilled workers  Small business owners  Reduction in status of workers – hired help – 2 million factory workers in 1850

11. Popular political movements  People able to voice their grievances  Better educated and greater awareness  Change in thinking about custom and tradition  Change in political system  More people given the vote  Fairer representation in government  Decline in the crown’s power over ministers  Increased importance for the lower house – House of Commons – abolition of restrictions for candidates  Organisation of political parties  More frequent elections  Greater protection of interest

12. Social Reforms  Education Act 1870  Free compulsory basic education  Factory Acts  regulated hours and conditions of work  Municipal Corporations Act  town councils  Repeal of laws prohibiting trade unions  1848 Act to protect public health  Water supply; sanitation; housing standards

13. Increased prosperity  The Victorian Era – 1837 – 1901  Period of increased prosperity  Increased foreign trade  Improvements in mechanisation  Better transport  Gas lighting  Drains and sewers  Understanding of how disease spreads  Improved education levels  Mass media helped develop active political moves  Changes were not equally shared – some benefitted others were worse off

14.  Old Age Pensions Act 1908  Trade Disputes Act 1906  Insurance Act 1911  Trade Boards – minimum wages and labour exchanges 1909  Increased trade union membership  Strikes – mining and transport industries  Socialism – intellectuals and working class politicians

15. Increased leisure time/recreational activities  Increase in voluntary associations  Self help societies – Literary and Mechanics’ Institutes  Salvation Army  Travel, sport, hobbies, family outings