1. EGRE 427 Advanced Digital Design Figures from Application-Specific Integrated Circuits, Michael John Sebastian Smith, Addison Wesley, 1997 Chapter 4 Programmable ASICs Application-Specific Integrated Circuits Michael John Sebastian Smith Addison Wesley, 1997

2. EGRE 427 Advanced Digital Design Figures from Application-Specific Integrated Circuits, Michael John Sebastian Smith, Addison Wesley, 1997 Programmable ASICs Two basic types of programmable ASICs Programmable Logic Device (PLD) - first developed as small programmable devices that can replace a handful of TTL parts  least complex ones are a simple AND/OR PLA with latches on the outputs and feedback paths to the inputs of the array Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) - more complex devices that can hold up to 100K gate equivalents or more  some implemented as symmetrical arrays of simple logic devices  others include more complex and specialized logic blocks An FPGA (or PLD) is an IC that is fabricated with some connections missing The user (designer) creates a design to be placed on the FPGA using design entry and simulation Automatic tools create a string of bits (a configuration file) describing the extra connections necessary to program the FPGA to perform the required function A device programmer is then (usually) used to load the configuration file into the FPGA

3. EGRE 427 Advanced Digital Design Figures from Application-Specific Integrated Circuits, Michael John Sebastian Smith, Addison Wesley, 1997 FPGA Components FPGAs have several basic components: Regular array of basic (programmable) logic cells  Level of complexity and number of different types of logic cells differs across manufactures and even across families from the same manufacturer Programmable interconnect for connecting the basic cells into different configurations Programming technology for configuring the cells and programmable interconnect  One-time-programmable (OTP)  Erasable  Programmed on power-up Custom software used by the designer to create the configuration file

4. EGRE 427 Advanced Digital Design Figures from Application-Specific Integrated Circuits, Michael John Sebastian Smith, Addison Wesley, 1997 Programming Technology - the Antifuse Figure 4.1An Actel antifuse. (a) A cross section. (b) A simplified drawing. (c) From above, an antifuse is approximately the same size as a contact. An antifuse is normally open A high programming voltage is placed across it This forces a programming current (about 5 mA) through it which melts the thin insulating dielectric forming a permanent, resistive silicon link

5. EGRE 427 Advanced Digital Design Figures from Application-Specific Integrated Circuits, Michael John Sebastian Smith, Addison Wesley, 1997 Actel Antifuses Figure 4.2 Distribution of resistances for blown Actel antifuses. antifuse resistance/  Table 4.1 Number of antifuses on Actel FPGAs Actel antifuse technology uses three additional masks over a traditional CMOS process Programming an ACTEL device requires about 5 to 10 minutes per device Production programming of more than 1000 or 2000 devices per week requires a gang (multiple device) programmer

6. EGRE 427 Advanced Digital Design Figures from Application-Specific Integrated Circuits, Michael John Sebastian Smith, Addison Wesley, 1997 Quicklogic Metal-Metal Antifuse Figure 4.3Metal-metal antifuse. (a) An idealized cross section. (b) A metal-metal antifuse in a three-level metal process. Metal-metal antifuses directly connect metal wiring layers - thus eliminating the parasitics of a polysilicon layer in between Direct connections to the metal layers make it easier to use larger programming currents producing a lower antifuse resistance

7. EGRE 427 Advanced Digital Design Figures from Application-Specific Integrated Circuits, Michael John Sebastian Smith, Addison Wesley, 1997 Quicklogic Metal-Metal Antifuse Resistance Figure 4.4 Distribution of resistance values for the QuickLogic metal-metal antifuse.

8. EGRE 427 Advanced Digital Design Figures from Application-Specific Integrated Circuits, Michael John Sebastian Smith, Addison Wesley, 1997 Configuration via Static RAM Figure 4.5 The Xilinx SRAM configuration cell. Configuration data is loaded into static RAM on chip Static RAM cells control pass transistors which configure the logic cells and interconnect FPGA can easily be reconfigured, even on the fly Power must be maintained to the chip to retain the configuration or the configuration can be loaded from a PROM on power-up (usually serially)

9. EGRE 427 Advanced Digital Design Figures from Application-Specific Integrated Circuits, Michael John Sebastian Smith, Addison Wesley, 1997 EPROM Cell Figure 4.6An EPROM transistor. (a) With a high programming voltage (> 12V) applied to the drain, electrons gain enough energy to “jump” onto the floating gate. (b) Electrons stuck on gate 1 raise the threshold voltage so that the transistor is always off for normal operating conditions. (c) UV light provides enough energy to the stuck electrons on gate 1 for them to “jump” back to the bulk. Used in EPLD devices and configuration EPROMS

10. EGRE 427 Advanced Digital Design Figures from Application-Specific Integrated Circuits, Michael John Sebastian Smith, Addison Wesley, 1997 Using FPGAs Changing demands from large FPGA users can often result in supply problems This is less of a problem in MGA or CBIC ASICs as this is arranged directly between the customer and foundry - although a shortage in ASIC foundry capacity is predicted in the future Most FPGAs are intended for direct placement into a PCB and are thus surface mount devices Unlike standard PLD devices (e.g. 22V10), FPGA signal and power pinouts vary widely among vendors Replacing an FPGA with an MGA or CBIC can be difficult because of this and may require pin or I/O locking

11. EGRE 427 Advanced Digital Design Figures from Application-Specific Integrated Circuits, Michael John Sebastian Smith, Addison Wesley, 1997 Using FPGAs (cont.) Equivalent FPGAs available from different vendors or even from a single vendor may run faster than expected which can cause a problem for asynchronous designs For a given design, there can be a large performance difference between different FPGA architectures resulting from differences in the type and mix of logic Designers should be careful in choosing a given FPGA to implement their design Each type of FPGA (e.g. Actel 1020A) is available in a variety of configurations for packaging, grade (commercial or military), speed, and quantity Pricing is calculated using a base device price and a series of adjustment factors

12. EGRE 427 Advanced Digital Design Figures from Application-Specific Integrated Circuits, Michael John Sebastian Smith, Addison Wesley, 1997 Actel FPGA Pricing Example