1. 1066-1485

2. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned and copied the ancient writings and kept knowledge alive Emperor Charlemagne (from what is now France) had books copied in decorative script and Illuminated (illustrated)

3. Small Kingdoms No form of government Fear of the Vikings

4. The Normans Change England William and his progeny remain dukes of Norman and kings of England French=language of aristocracy Introduced feudalism, which displaced the comitatus (a retinue of warriors attached to a king or chieftain)

5. William the Conqueror and the Norman Influence Duke of Normandy, cousin of Edward the Confessor, believed Edward had promised the throne of England to him Harold, Earl of Essex, crowned king after Edward’s death Norman Invasion, October 1066—Battle of Hastings Language—Norman and Anglo-Saxon elements Middle English Established Domesday Book (all landowners had to register their land for the king.)

6. Feudal System Strong man (Lord of the Manor) could build a castle or fort and would provide protection for others if they would fight for him. Also provided agricultural land for his serfs The manor formed the basic unit of feudal society

7. Inheritance of feudal lords Oldest son got all the land and property Second son became a member of the church clergy (and ruled his church area)

8. Serfs Peasants who worked the lord's land and paid him certain dues in return for the use of land The Lord of the Manor and his serfs were bound legally, economically, and socially. Serfs formed the lowest social class of feudal society

9. Castles Round Walls Small windows Thick walls

10. Cathedrals New style—Gothic Pointed arches Flying buttresses Many windows with intricate stained glass Ribbed vaulting inside

11. Growth of Church The Church came to rule over the feudal lords and their subjects Nobles and serfs didn’t belong to a country but did belong to area governed by the church Church was the power Dominated philosophy, art, music, and architecture

12. Knights in Shining Armor Code of Chivalry; influenced life, art, and literature Military service to lord Trained from early age (page, squire, “knighted”: Upon knighthood, titled “Sir”

13. Women in Medieval Society No political rights Subservient to husband, father, or brother Husband or father’s social standing determined hers Peasant women: childbearing, housework, hard field work Noblewomen: childbearing and household supervision

14. Chivalry: system of deals and social codes governing the behavior of knights and gentlewomen Loyalty to King Fight for honor; Brave and Courteous Faithful to God True to lady love

15. Knightly Virtues Prowess Courage Honesty Loyalty Generosity Faith Courtesy Franchise (nobility)

16. Courtly Love Non-sexual Wear lady’s colors in battle Glorify her in words, be inspired by her Lady remain pure and out of reach, set above the admirer

17. Courtly Love Previously women had been treated as slaves or possessions—seldom as objects of romantic love Arranged marriages Men married to merge lands. If he wanted love, he looked elsewhere

18. Rise of the Romance Women idealized, but position in society not improved Romance: a new form of literature about a hero, who often has the help of magic, who undertakes a quest to conquer an evil enemy Example: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight King Arthur stories

19. Medieval Cities Upper, middle, and lower classes outside feudal system Own tastes in the arts and ability to purchase “art of the people” Entertainment Ballads: story songs sung in alehouses and by firesides Mystery and miracle plays performed by guilds or craft unions Fabliaux—bawdy tales like “The Miller’s Tale”

20. Major Events The Crusades (1095-1270) The Martyrdom of Thomas a Becket (1170) The Magna Carta (1215) The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) The Black Death (1348-1349) Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)

21. The Crusades Began in 1097 for purpose of recapturing Jerusalem from the infidels (varied with the crusade, mostly Muslims) The amazing thing is the Crusades pulled together a disorganized chaotic population Contact with Middle Eastern civilization Mathematics Astronomy Architecture Crafts

22. Crusades: Bad aspects Each Crusade became ineffective Man died on way, taken and sold as slaves in Egypt, or died in battle Starting a Crusade became a political thing for lords to do; religious motive was secondary

23. Crusades: Good Aspects Organized people with a driving purpose Christianity grew to the major power in the western world Opened up trade between western world and eastern world In part, responsible for the Renaissance

24. Martyrdom of Thomas Becket c. 1118-1170 Norman chancellor (prime minister) to King Henry II King was a vassal to Christian church; pope very powerful Henry appointed Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury Becket took his job seriously, sided with pope Four of Henry’s knights murdered Becket in the cathedral at Canterbury Becket canonized as saint

25. The Magna Carta King John forced to sign in 1215 Granted certain rights to his barons Basis for English constitutional law Trial by jury Legislative taxation Restrictions on royal power

26. The Hundred Years’ War England and France Based on weak claims to French throne by Edward III (reigned 1327-1377) and Henry V (reigned 1413-1422) Unsuccessful for English, but fostered development of British nationalism Representation shifts from knight to yeoman; chivalry lives on mainly in romances

27. The Black Death Returned around 1346 AD Probably Bubonic plague Spread by fleas from infected rats Reduced population of England by 1/3 Contributed to the end of Middle Ages in England Labor shortage Lower classes had more bargaining power Freedom for serfs, end of feudalism Peasant Revolt 1381

28. Wars of the Roses Dispute over throne between children of Edward III John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (red rose) Edmund Duke of York (white rose) Civil War until Henry Tudor (distant cousin of Lancaster) married Richard III’s niece, uniting the families Established the Tudor dynasty and ended the Plantagenet dynasty— which ushered in the Renaissance in England