1. Mr. Bartula AP World History
Chapters 20,21,22: Africa and the Slave Trade, the Gunpowder Empires, and Asian Changes,
Mr. Bartula
AP World History

2. Africa:
No longer aligned with the Islamic world trading system
Forceably brought into the Atlantic trading system
Heterogeneous societies and cultures

3. The Empire of Mali
Located in the Sahel region south of the Sahara, became powerful after 750 CE
Wealthy center of trade
Part of Dar al’Islam
Rich in gold, agriculturally fertile
Capital: Timbuktu

4. Timbuktu: A Major Cultural Center

5. Timbuktu: A Major Cultural Center

6. The Mosque of Jenne

7. Mansa Musa 1312-1337: Greatest King of Mali

8. Songhay
After the decline of Mali the Kingdom of Songhay gained power in the Sahel
Powerful cavalry and navy
Muslim dominated
Standardized weights, measures, and currency
Greatest King: Sonni Ali

9. The Swahili Coast Eastern coast of Africa
Long term involvement in Indian Ocean trade
Portuguese and other European influence
Cosmopolitan city-states
Predominantly Muslim
Swahili language: a lingua franca
Traded with the interior of Africa

10. English and Swahili
Car Bicycle Motorbike Train Boat Aeroplane Petrol Mechanic
Gari Baiskeli Pikipiki Gari la moshi Mashua Ndege [Eropleni] Petroli Fundi
Coffee Tea with/without milk/sugar
Kahawa Chai na/bila maziwa/sukari
Danger!
Hatari!
Fetch a doctor Chemist
Ita daktari Duka la dawa

11. Great Zimbabwe Southern African kingdom
Traded with the Swahili Coast and the African interior
Too far inland to be affected by Islam
The only fully African civilization, with no outside cultural influences

12. Ruins of Great Zimbabwe

13. The Forest Kingdoms of West Africa
First area to be exploited by Europeans
Dominant region: Benin
Benin art: highly detailed and realistic
Source of most slaves taken to the Americas

14. Benin Art

15. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Beginnings
Contact between Europeans and Africans began in late 1400s with Portuguese expeditions along the coast
At first Europeans saw Africans as being equal to themselves
Europeans and Africans studied at universities, exchanged ambassadors, and communicated between rulers
Christian missionaries traveled to Africa

16. Africans and Slavery Slavery was an indigenous part of African culture
Slavery among Africans was usually temporary

17. The Atlantic Slave Trade Begins
European “discovery” of the Americas led to exploitation of Africans
Native Americans quickly died off from overwork and disease
Europeans needed a new source of coerced labor
By 1600, slaves were the largest trade item from Africa

18. The Atlantic Slave Trade
: about 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas
As many as 4 million more Africans were killed in internal slaving wars
African rulers participated in the slave trade by gathering slaves and bringing them to coastal forts
Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British all established posts and fortresses along the west coast of Africa for buying slaves

23. African Captives in Yokes

24. The Middle Passage

25. The Triangle Trade

26. A typical slave ship’s layout

27. “Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship

28. Slave Ship Interior

29. African Slavery in the Americas
Primary destination of most slaves: Brazil and the Caribbean Islands
Typical life expectancy of a healthy male slave on arrival: 6 months
No natural increase among the slave population in most areas

30. North American Slavery
Labor on tobacco and rice plantations was less “onerous”
There was a natural increase among North American slaves

31. Consequences of Atlantic Slave Trade
Long term population decline in West Africa
Transfer of African foods and customs to the Americas
American food crops introduced in Africa
Africans in the Americas were converted to Christianity, but sometimes maintained elements of African religions

32. Europeans in South Africa
The Cape of Good Hope was reached by the Portuguese in the late 1400s
The Dutch established a colony there in Their settlers were called Boers
Expansion brought the Boers into contact and conflict with the indigenous Bantu, Zulu, and other African peoples
In 1815 the British took control of South Africa
Conflict continued between the Boers, British, and the indigenous Africans

33. The Gunpowder Empires
Ottomans (Middle East, primarily Turkey, and Eastern Europe)
Safavids (Iran)
Mughals (India)

34. The Gunpowder Empires Military power based on gunpowder weapons
Islamic (Ottomans and Mughals: Sunni; Safavids: Shi’a)
Political absolutism
Cultural renaissances
Less powerful than Western Europe

35. The Ottoman Turks
One of several Turkic tribes which entered the Middle East and converted to Islam
Powerful military led by Janissaries
In 1326, captured the town of Bursa near Constantinople
Built navies and seized control of the eastern Mediterranean
Conquered much of Balkan Peninsula

36. Janissaries

37. Constantinople captured, 1453
Captured by Sultan Mehmed II
End of the Byzantine Empire
Constantinople (Istanbul) was rebuilt and gained population and wealth
Tolerance for dhimmis
More emphasis on military than economic power “conquest over commerce”
Ottoman Empire continued to expand for the next century
Ottoman Sultans were also the Caliphs of (Sunni) Islam

38. Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566
Greatest Ottoman ruler
Called “The Lawgiver” or ‘The Just” by Muslims
Codified the Shari’a
Rebuilt and beautified Istanbul
Patron of the arts, poet, made Istanbul a center of Ottoman cultural flowering

39. Suleiman’s Poetry
Some of Suleiman's verses, have become Turkish proverbs, including the well-known "Everyone aims at the same meaning, but many are the versions of the story," and "In this world a spell of good health is the best state” He wrote in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic.
"The people think of wealth and power as the greatest fate,
But in this world a spell of health is the best state.
What men call sovereignty is a worldly strife and constant war;
Worship of God is the highest throne, the happiest of all estate's”

40. Tughra or Monogram of Suleiman

41. The Topkapi Palace

42. The Blue Mosque of Constantinople

43. Suleimanye Mosque

44. Miniature Painting: An Ottoman Art Form

45. The Piri Re’is Map, a mystery from Suleiman’s time
It appears to show the west coast of Africa, the east coast of South America, and the northern (land) coast of Antarctica
A map belonging to the Turkish Admiral Piri Re’is ca 1514
Appears to be based on older maps
Shows accurate use of longitude

46. Suleiman and the Europeans
Suleiman recognized that Europe was a major potential threat to the Ottoman Empire and to Islam
He attempted to destabilize Europe with several invasions
He also provided financial support to Protestants

47. The death of Suleiman and the decline of the Ottomans
As Suleiman grew older he lost interest in government and allowed the bureaucracy to rule alone
He allowed his sons to be raised uneducated in the harem, dominated by their mothers
This set a precedent for future Sultans and their sons

48. Selim II, The Drunkard
The first “disinterested” Ottoman sultan
Defeated by the Spanish at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, lost control of the Mediterranean

49. Ottoman Decline
Over the next several centuries, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined
Europeans gained control of the seas and ended Muslim trade monopolies
Succession problems and uneducated Sultans
European economic competition
Technological and cultural conservatism
Janissaries held power and blocked reforms

50. The Safavids
Turkic tribe which entered Iran
Converted to Shiite Islam

51. Isma’il
Took control of the Safavids in 1494 at the age of 7, claimed to be the Hidden Imam
By 1512 he controlled all of Iran and became the first Safavid Shah
Defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 (blocked Shiite expansion)

52. Shah Abbas I 1588-1629 The greatest Safavid ruler
Made alliances with Europeans against the Ottomans
Encouraged trade and commerce with Western Europeans
Period of great wealth and cultural creativity
Mixture of Persian and Islamic influences

53. Isfahan: The Safavid Capital

54. Safavid Architecture

55. Safavid Poetry (Rumi)
O you who've gone on pilgrimage -               where are you, where, oh where? Here, here is the Beloved!               Oh come now, come, oh come! Your friend, he is your neighbor,              he is next to your wall - You, erring in the desert -               what air of love is this? If you'd see the Beloved's               form without any form - You are the house, the master,               You are the Kaaba, you! Where is a bunch of roses,               if you would be this garden? Where, one soul's pearly essence               when you're the Sea of God? That's true - and yet your troubles               may turn to treasures rich - How sad that you yourself veil               the treasure that is yours!

56. Ottomans and Safavids Compared
The Ottomans were more market-oriented than the Safavids
Safavid women had more freedom and were less secluded than Ottoman women
The Ottomans had a larger territory and more resources.

57. Decline and Fall of the Safavids
Succession problems after the death of Abbas I
European economic competition
Religious conflict between Sunnis and Shiites
1722: Safavids collapsed

58. The Mughals Descended from the Mongols
Influenced by Chinese and Islamic cultures
Originated in Turkestan in Central Asia
Sunni Muslims with Sufi influence

59. Babur “the Tiger”
Invaded present day Afghanistan and then northern India
Defeated the Delhi Sultanate
First Muslim to use gunpowder weapons (muskets and artillery
At the same time, Europeans were beginning to have contact with India from the sea

60. Humayun
From , lost all of his father’s empire in a series of rebellions
Went into exile in Persia and rebuilt his army (Persian culture introduced to Mughals)
By 1555, managed to reconquer the Mughal Empire

61. Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi

62. Akbar the Great 1556-1605 Greatest ruler of Indian history
Became Shah at age 13
Completed the conquest of Northern India
Developed an efficient bureaucracy
Attempted to win over Hindus

63. The Din-i-Ilahi: “The Religion of God”
Attempted to synthesize the world’s religions into one
Predominantly based on Islam
Elements of Hinduism, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism
Asked Christian missionaries to participate
Eventually rejected by both Muslims and Hindus

64. Jahangir 1605-1628 Conquered Eastern India Patron of the arts
“The Age of Mughal Splendor”

65. Mughal Art

66. The Red Fort, Delhi

67. Mughal Architecture

68. Jahan 1628-1658 Expanded Empire Defeated the Portuguese
Known for magnificent architectural projects

69. Mumtaz Mahal Jahan’s favorite wife
Died in 1631 giving birth to her fourteenth child
Jahan built the most magnificent tomb possible: The Taj Mahal
Combination of Indian, Persian, Chinese architectural styles

72. Aurangzeb
Shah Jahan’s building projects and taxes caused rebellions among the Hindus
Aurangzeb overthrew and imprisoned his father in 1658 and became Shah
Expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent

73. Aurangzeb
Devout Muslim who insisted Shar’ia become the law of the land
Persecuted Hindus, closed temples, outlawed practice of sati
Renewed taxes on non-Muslims which had been ended by Akbar the Great
Revolts began, aided by Europeans in India
By early 1700s Mughals were losing control of India and Europeans were gaining influence

74. Sikhs
A major Indian religion which began in the 16th century under the Mughals
Centered in Northern India, 23 million followers
Began with Guru Nanak ( )
Total of 10 Gurus (the last died in 1708)
Mystical, egalitarian, disciplined
Major political and economic force in India and Pakistan

75. Comparisons of the Declines of the Gunpowder Empires
Internal weaknesses and conflicts
Overexpansion
Weak, incompetent rulers
Muslim contempt for Europeans meant the Europeans were underestimated
Economic and military decline as Europeans gained power

76. Asia and European Contact 1450-1750
Europeans were not powerful enough to exploit Asia during
Europeans at first had difficulty trading for Asian goods since they had little or nothing the Asians valued
Europeans were only able to trade successfully with Asia after they gained access to the New World’s precious metals

77. European Trade With Asia
Using superior naval technology, the Portuguese were able to establish a trade network in the Indian Ocean by 1507
By the later 1500s, the Dutch, French, and the English had driven out the Portuguese
The Dutch took control of the Spice Islands (modern Indonesia)
The French and English concentrated on India

78. European Missionaries
Roman Catholic Christianity was introduced into the Philippines by the Spanish, where it merged with local animistic beliefs and traditions
Elsewhere in Asia, Christianity became a minority religion

79. Philippine Folk Altar

80. Ming China 1368-1644 Oldest, largest, and richest civilization
Part of the world economy, but foreign trade was only a small part of the Chinese economy
Silk, porcelain, and cotton were major exports, with tea becoming increasingly important

81. Ming China’s Economic Impact on the World
Ming China used silver as its monetary metal
The Single Whip tax on all Chinese had to be paid in silver
Therefore, Ming China was a major importer of silver in exchange for trade goods
The largest source of silver was the Americas

83. Ming China’s Agricultural Revolution
New World crops such as corn, peppers, and the sweet potato were introduced to China
Crop rotation
Massive reforestation
China’s population grew from 65 million in 1400 to 300 million by 1800

84. Ming China’s Commercial Revolution
Population growth led to increased urbanization
Small businesses specialized in porcelain, tea, silk, cotton, and paper manufacturing
European trade with Ming China was tightly controlled by the Chinese government, which was wary of foreign influence

85. Decline and Fall of the Ming
Little Ice Age related climate problems were especially severe in the early 1600s
Incompetent emperors were unable to help
Famine and natural disasters led to peasant rebellions
In 1644 the Manchus invaded, destroyed the Ming, and established the Qing Dynasty

86. Japan
Ca Warring States period: no central leadership (Emperor only ceremonial)
1543: Portuguese traders arrived in southern Japan. Other Europeans followed
Portuguese and other Europeans served as middlemen, carrying goods between Japan and China

87. Christianity in Japan
Catholic missionaries led by Francis Xavier arrived beginning in 1549
Christianity had great appeal in Japan, and many converted, especially on island of Kyushu
Japanese converts traveled to Europe to meet the Pope

89. Japan’s reaction to European contact
Fascination with the “nanbanjin”
Intense interest in learning about and from the Europeans
Large amount of trade between Japanese and Europeans

90. Tokugawa Ieyasu By 1598, had managed to unify Japan under his rule
Tokugawa Shogunate
Distrusted Europeans and Christians as potentially disloyal to his rule
Restrictions placed on European traders and missionaries
Japanese Christians were persecuted

91. Sakoju Jidai: National Seclusion
By mid 1600s all European traders were banned except the Dutch
Dutch traders were only allowed in Nagasaki
Japanese were not allowed to travel abroad, and foreigners were forbidden to enter
Christianity was suppressed

92. The Tokugawa Shogunate
Centralized government under Confucianist principles
Four social classes
Samurai (including the Shogun and daimyo)
Farmers
Artisans
Merchants

93. The Tokugawa Shogunate
Urbanization, with three major cities: Edo, Kyoto, Osaka
Rice was the staple crop
Urban areas had many small businesses and industries
Confucianist schools allowed most men and some women to become literate
Dutch studies group studied European books in Nagasaki