1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PPT.

2. RNA & Protein Synthesis Notes DNA RNA Protein Trait RNA—Ribonucleic Acid RNA is a messenger that allows the instruction of DNA to be delivered to the rest of the cell

3. RNA is different than DNA: 1.The sugar in RNA is ribose; the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose 2.RNA is a single strand of nucleotides; DNA is a double strand of nucleotides 3.RNA has Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T) which is in DNA 4.RNA is found inside and outside of the nucleus; DNA is found only inside the nucleus

5. Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression) Proteins (Review) Proteins make up all living materials

6. Proteins are composed of amino acids – there are 20 different amino acids Different proteins are made by combining these 20 amino acids in different combinations

7. Proteins are manufactured (made) by the ribosomes

8. Function of proteins: 1.Help fight disease 2.Build new body tissue 3. Enzymes used for digestion and other chemical reactions are proteins (Enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction) 4.Component of all cell membranes

9. Genes Genes are the instruction manuals for our bodies. They are the directions for building all the proteins that make our body function. Genes are made of DNA.

10. Gene Expression Not all genes are active or expressed at the same time. Why: Because the cell would produce molecules it did NOT need – waste of energy and raw materials

11. Gene expression (protein synthesis) is when the product of a gene, or a specific protein is being produced by a cell. some genes are – rarely expressed – adrenaline some genes are – constantly expressed – hair growth, blood pressure some genes are expressed sometimes and turned off others – stress.

12. Making a Protein—Transcription First Step: Copying of genetic information from DNA to RNA called Transcription Why? DNA has the genetic code for the protein that needs to be made, but proteins are made by the ribosomes—ribosomes are outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm. DNA is too large to leave the nucleus (double stranded), but RNA can leave the nucleus (single stranded).

14. Part of DNA temporarily unzips and is used as a template to assemble complementary nucleotides into messenger RNA (mRNA).

15. A T A C C G DNA mRNA U A U

16. mRNA then goes through the pores of the nucleus with the DNA code and attaches to the ribosome.

17. Original DNA mRNA

18. Transcription Animations Animated-Steps of Transciption – http://207.207.4.198/pub/flash/26/transmenu_s.swf http://207.207.4.198/pub/flash/26/transmenu_s.swf – Transcription Game http://library.thinkquest.org/20465/g_DNATranscription.htm More Animated Steps of Transcription – http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1302 http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1302

19. Making a Protein—Translation Second Step: Decoding of mRNA into a protein is called Translation. Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.

20. These amino acids come from the food we eat. Proteins we eat are broken down into individual amino acids and then simply rearranged into new proteins according to the needs and directions of our DNA.

21. A series of three adjacent bases in an mRNA molecule codes for a specific amino acid—called a codon. A triplet of nucleotides in tRNA that is complementary to the codon in mRNA—called an anticodon. Each tRNA codes for a different amino acid. Amino acid Anticodon mRNA tRNA

22. mRNA carrying the DNA instructions and tRNA carrying amino acids meet in the ribosomes.

23. Amino acids are joined together to make a protein. Polypeptide = Protein

24. CAC/CCA/UGG/UGA ___________/___________/___________/____________ Histidine 1 st Base 2 nd Base 3 rd Base ProlineTryptophanStop

25. AUG/AAC/GAC/UAA ___________/___________/___________/________ MethionineAsparagineAspartic AcidStop

26. Use one of the codon charts on the next page to find the amino acid sequence coded for by the following mRNA strands. CAC/CCA/UGG/UGA ___________/___________/___________/____________ AUG/AAC/GAC/UAA ___________/___________/___________/____________ ProlineStopHistidineTryptophan MethionineAsparagineAspartic Acid Stop

27. Protein Synthesis

28. Translation Animations Animated Steps of Translation – http://207.207.4.198/pub/flash/26/transmenu_s.swf http://207.207.4.198/pub/flash/26/transmenu_s.swf More Animated Steps of Tranlation More Animated Steps of Tran – http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1302 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1302 http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_protein_synthe sis.htm http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~biotext/animations/T RANSLATE20b.swf

30. Movie about translation at bottom of webpage. Click on hyperlink in picture above.