1. Unlocking The History of Medicine

2. Primitive Times
Believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies

3. Primitive Times Herbs and plants were used as medicine
Foxglove plants leaves
were chewed to strengthen
& slow heart

4. Trepanation One of the first surgeries performed
A hole was cut into the skull to release demons
What do you think are some of the possible complications of this treatment?

5. Egyptians First to keep accurate health records
Wrote prescriptions on papyrus
Physicians were priests
Temples were used as
places of worship,
medical schools, and
hospitals

6. Egyptians (3000 BC- 300 BC)
Embalming led to increased understanding of anatomy and diseases
Strong antiseptics kept bodies from decaying
Gauze used to wrap bodies is much like the surgical gauze used today

7. Egyptians (3000 BC- 300 BC)
Leeches were used for bloodletting (draining human blood)
Does not hurt because their saliva contains a natural anesthetic
Their saliva also contains a blood thinner, a vasodilator, and an agent that prevents bacteria from infecting the wound
FDA has approved use of leeches as a “modern” medical treatment.

8. Ancient Chinese (1700 BC–AD 220)
Religion prohibited dissection of the body
Believed you had to treat both the body and spirit
Discovered a pharmacopoeia of medications based on herbs
Therapies included acupuncture

9. Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC)
Made observations about the human body and the effects of disease that led to modern medical sciences
Believed illness is a result of natural causes

10. Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC)
Used therapies such as massage, art therapy and herbal treatments
Discovered that diet and cleanliness could prevent disease

11. Romans (753 BC – AD 410)
Rooms in doctors houses where they cared for solders became the first hospitals
Believed body was regulated by 4 humors that had to stay balanced to prevent illness (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile)

12. Romans (753 BC – AD 410)
They established the first public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
Treated disease with diet, exercise, and medication

13. Dark Ages (AD 400 – AD 800) Emphasis was on saving the soul
Study of medicine was prohibited, so no new advancements were made
Monks and priests treated patients with prayer

14. Middle Ages- (AD 800 –AD 1400)
There was renewed interest in medical practices of the Greek and Romans
Bubonic Plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia
Medical Universities were created

15. Middle Ages (AD 800 –AD 1400)
Arab physicians used chemistry to advance pharmacology
Arabs begin requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses

16. Renaissance (AD 1350–AD 1650)
Dissection of the body led to an increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
Invention of the printing press (Gutenberg) allowed medical knowledge to be shared.
First anatomy book by Andreas Vesalius, was published

17. 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries Many people died from infections
Invention of the microscope in 1666 allowed doctors to see disease-causing organisms
Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies

18. 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries
Edward Jenner developed the first vaccination to prevent the spread of smallpox in 1796

19. 19th Century
Formal training for nurses led by Florence Nightingale began
Infection control methods were developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
Viruses were discovered in 1892
Women became active participants in health care

20. 20th Century
Gained an increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body:
ABO blood groups discovered
Determined how white blood cells protect against disease

21. 20th Century New medicines were developed: Insulin to treat diabetes
Antibiotics to fight infections caused by bacteria
Vaccines to prevent people from getting diseases caused by viruses

22. 20th Century New machines were developed: Kidney dialysis machine
Heart lung machine
Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan

23. 20th Century
Surgical and diagnostic techniques were developed to cure once fatal conditions:
Organ transplants
Limbs reattached
Test tube babies
Amniocentesis
Implanted first artificial heart

24. 20th Century
Health care plans developed to help pay the cost of health care
Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena
HMO’s provided an alternative to private insurance
Hospice was organized

25. 21st Century Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Major breakthroughs in biotechnology
3D printing of limbs and organs
Successful transplantations
Longer lifespan
Changes in scope of practice within all areas within the medical field
??? What is to come???

26. Ideas have come full circle

27. The End