2. History Part Two

3. Pre-feudal Society (Chapter I) Feudalism in England Growth of Feudalism (Chapter II) Decline of Feudalism (Chapter III) Capitalism in England Growth of Capitalism (Chapter IV) The Bourgeois Revolution (Chapter V) The Development after Revolution (Chapter VI) Industrial Revolution and the Developing Great Britain (Chapter VII-IX) Britain in and after the Two World Wars (Chapter X-XII) Britain in the Early 21 st Century (Chapter XII) Structure of Part Two

4. Chapter I Pre-feudal Society

5. I.Early Settlement ( … -55B.C.) 1. Before the great Ice Age: cave men or stone age men 2. 3000B.C. :the Iberians from the Mediterranean area 3. 750B.C. : The Celtic tribes First-750B.C. : Gaels Second-500B.C. : Britons Third-100B.C. :Belgae from Gaul

6. 1.Nominal conquest: Between 55 and 54 B.C., Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain twice. 2.The real conquest began in 43A.D. England became a Roman Province in name. II. The Roman Occupation (55B.C.- 410)

7. Hadrian’s WallHadrian’s Wall: The Picts and Scots in Scotland frequently revolted against the Romans. About 122 AD, in order to keep back the Picts and Scots, the Romans built a wall, called Hadrian’s Wall. 3. Contrast in attitudes A. lowland Britons-accept B. Inhabitants of Wales and Scotland-revolt

8. 4. Roman Civilization to Britain: Norman-French culture, language, manners, and innovations in architecture and methods of warfare were introduced. A. Architecture: For military purpose, they built roads, castles and walls—the Hadrian’s wall. They also built theatres, temples and other fine buildings. B. Class formed: The slave society was introduced into England. The land lords, officials, made up of the ruling class. Some native people, Celts became slaves. C. Religion: The Romans brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.

9. III Anglo-Saxon Times (410-871) 1.Basic information A. Germanic tribes: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. B. Reason: The first arrivals were invited by a British king to defend against the Picts and Scots. The Celts were pushed back to the mountains of Wales, Scotland and across to Ireland. C. Language: They spoke old English and modern English descend from it.

10. 2. Heptarchy The three tribes formed a “ nation of English ”, which were not united well. England was divided into many kingdoms. They often fought one another for 200 years. This period was known as Heptarchy ”. Finally Wessex won and the king of Wessex became the “ king of the English ”.

11. 3. Unification At the end of 8 th century, Danish Vikings began to invade England. Kingdoms got united against the invaders. So England was formed. The king Alfred was the most famous, brave, capable man and he made him worthy of his title “ Alfred the Great ”. Feudal system began during the Anglo-Saxon times.

12. 4.The introduction of Christianity A. Time: late 6th century B. Event: English was united under one well- organized church with bishop & cathedral. C. Function: created ties between the kingdoms, and the conversion to Christianity renewed relations with Rome and the Continent. D. Scholarship: in the forefront

13. IV. The invasion of Vikings and the Danish Rule 1.Time: around the turn of the 8 th century 2. Invaders: northern warriors, called the Vikings, from Norway and Denmark. 3. Results: King Alfred made an agreement with Guthrum

14. 4. Significance: The social system advanced towards feudalism. Class polarization became marked with the peasants becoming more servile.

15. 5. the Danish Kings who ruled England Sweyen Ethelred (fled to France); Canute Edmund (after treaty died); Harold I; Hardecanute the English

16. Chapter II The Growth of Feudalism

17. 1.The Norman Dukes Normandy was the most highly organized state, and the Norman ruling class were Vikings. The most important class was the knights. Normandy was the most highly organized state, and the Norman ruling class were Vikings. The most important class was the knights. I. The Norman Conquest (1066-1071)

18. 2. Fuse: Edward ruled for 24 years and died in January, 1066. Harold was chosen to be king. William, Duke of Normandy, heard the news of Harold’s coronation, he got very angry and claimed that he had the sole right to be king of England because Edward had promised the crown to him and that Harold had promised to help him become king of England. Duke William led army and landed on the coast. The two armies met at Hastings.Hastings

19. 3. Consequences It increased the process of feudalism. William established a strong monarchy in England. He introduced new ideas in laws. It brought changes in the church. The French language came along with the Normans.

20. 4. William the Conqueror’s RuleWilliam the Conqueror’s Under William, the feudal system was completely established. A. Land policy: He owned all the land personally. He gave the landlords lands in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce. B. Baron system: To restrain the growth of the power of the barons, all landowners took the oath that they would be faithful to the king against all other men.

21. C. Domesday Book :In order to have a reliable record of all his lands, his people and their possessions, William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book. This book, completed in 1086, stated the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.

22. 1.Henry II’ s reforms During the reign of Henry II, the power of the crown was intensified further.Henry II A. The Royal powers of justice were greatly expanded. All land held in feudal tenure was brought under royal jurisdiction. B. For administration,the major reform was the Inquest of Sheriffs in 1170. C. In 1811 he issued the “Assize of Arms”Assize of Arms II. The Consolidation of Monarchy

23. 2. Conflict between Henry II and Thomas Becket Henry II, wishing to reform certain abuses in Church, insisted that all clerks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the king’s courts instead of in the Bishop’s courts. Henry II, wishing to reform certain abuses in Church, insisted that all clerks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the king’s courts instead of in the Bishop’s courts. Henry quarreled with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Four knights murdered the Archbishop. Henry reconciled himself with the church at the expense of many concessions. Henry quarreled with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Four knights murdered the Archbishop. Henry reconciled himself with the church at the expense of many concessions. Discontented barons rose in revolt and his son in France took up arm against him. Discontented barons rose in revolt and his son in France took up arm against him.

24. 1. King Henry II Richard John (Third Crusade) III. The Great Charter 2. Reasons: King John quarreled with French King for territories disputed with the Pope for the see of Canterbury opposed by barons and townsmen Barons opposed to John.

25. 3. Contents: A. the king was not to exact payments from the feudal vassals without their consent; B. the laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king; C. should the king attempt to free himself from law, the vassals had the right to force the king to obey it, by civil war or by otherwise.

26. 5. Significance: A. It granted to the townspeople freedom of trade and self- government. B. The merchants and craftsmen in England appeared for the first time as a new political force. C. The basic mass of peasantry, who constituted five-sixths of the population, was not taken into consideration. 4. Nature: 4. Nature: a feudal document

27. IV. The Beginning of Parliament 1. Origin: the Great Council, an advisory assembly of the king’s chief feudal vassals, including the clergy. The main purpose of the King’s summoning parliament was to get consent for taxation. The king, Henry III wanted to defeat the lords and their charter.

28. 2. Development: So the baron rose up in opposition. Led by the King’s brother-in-law, they forced the king to dismiss his foreign advisors and accept their own council of advisers instead. In 1264 Montfort defeated the royal army and took the king prisoner. In the following year he called Parliament. The parliament of 1265 is generally considered the beginning of parliament.

29. Edward succeeded Henry III and created a secure, self-confident and flushing age. In order to make the legal and political adjustment, Edward carried out a series of reforms. All Estates Parliament In 1295 400 members Model Parliament 3. Accomplishments

30. How did Feudalism develop in England? 1.The beginning ---in Anglo-Saxon Times & the Danish Rule. 2. Establishment --- Norman Conquest 3. Consolidation: reforms, the Great Charter, parliament 4. Decline: wars, economy, rising

31. The End

32. The Battle of Hastings The battle took place in 1066, nine miles from Hastings, between Duke William’s army and the king, Harold’s army. Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. The Battle of Hastings paved the way for the conquest of England. Duke William was crowned,known in history as William the conqueror. The battle took place in 1066, nine miles from Hastings, between Duke William’s army and the king, Harold’s army. Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. The Battle of Hastings paved the way for the conquest of England. Duke William was crowned, known in history as William the conqueror. back

33. Henry II Henry Plantagenet, established the House of Plantagenet in 1154 as Henry II. During his reign the power of the crown was intensified further. And he made a serious reforms. Later the barons rose in revolt and his sons in France took up arms against him. After crushing all the revolts he died in 1189. back

34. The Assize of Arms It was issued in 1181 by Henry II. It was compulsory for every freeman in England to be provided with arms. Those arms were used only when their owner was called out for national service by the king’s command. It was issued in 1181 by Henry II. It was compulsory for every freeman in England to be provided with arms. Those arms were used only when their owner was called out for national service by the king’s command. back

35. Hadrian’s Wall Map of the Hadrian’s Wall Back