2. 1 Chapter 3 Goal 1: What is Ecology?

3. 2 Organisms and Their Environment

4. 3 I. Ecology A.interactions between organisms and their environment B.explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in A.interactions between organisms and their environment B.explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in

5. 4 II. Environment A. Abiotic factors- nonliving parts 1. Examples: air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil, rocks 2. affect an organism’s life A. Abiotic factors- nonliving parts 1. Examples: air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil, rocks 2. affect an organism’s life

6. 5 B. Biotic factors - living things in the environment All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection. B. Biotic factors - living things in the environment All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.

7. 6 Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic

8. 7 Abiotic

9. 8 Abiotic

10. 9 Biotic

11. 10 III. Levels of Organization

12. Levels of Organization Species  Population  Communities  Ecosystem  Biome  Biosphere

13. 12 A. Simplest Levels 1.Atom 2.Molecule 3.Organelle 4.Cell 5.Tissue 6.Organ 7.Organ System 1.Atom 2.Molecule 3.Organelle 4.Cell 5.Tissue 6.Organ 7.Organ System

14. 13 B. Ecological Levels of Organization organized into different levels according to complexityorganized into different levels according to complexity

15. 14 1. 1 st Level Organism: ONE individual living thingOrganism: ONE individual living thing –Ex: a Zebra Organism: ONE individual living thingOrganism: ONE individual living thing –Ex: a Zebra

16. 15 2. 2 nd Level Population: group of organisms of the same species which live in the same place at the same timePopulation: group of organisms of the same species which live in the same place at the same time –Ex: groups of zebras Population: group of organisms of the same species which live in the same place at the same timePopulation: group of organisms of the same species which live in the same place at the same time –Ex: groups of zebras

17. 16 3. 3 rd Level Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. –Ex: groups of zebras and bison Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. –Ex: groups of zebras and bison

18. 17 4. 4 th Level Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in an area with abiotic factorsEcosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in an area with abiotic factors –Ex: zebras, giraffes, elephants, grasses, dirt/sand Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in an area with abiotic factorsEcosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in an area with abiotic factors –Ex: zebras, giraffes, elephants, grasses, dirt/sand

19. 18 5. 5 th Level Biome:Biome: groups of ecosystems with similar climates –Ex: desert, rainforest Biome:Biome: groups of ecosystems with similar climates –Ex: desert, rainforest

20. 19 6. 6 th Level Biosphere: air, land, fresh and salt waterBiosphere: part of earth where life is found: air, land, fresh and salt water

21. 20 INDIVIDUAL POPULATION COMMUNITY ECOSYSTEM BIOME BIOSPHERE ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS OF ECOLOGY

22. 21 What level of organization? Organism

23. 22 What level of Organization? Ecosystem

24. 23 What level of Organization? Population

25. Levels of Organization Foldable Fold 4 sheets of paper staggered by one inch. Staple at bottom. Title the front tab: Levels of Organization Under each tab: –Define the level in your OWN words –Draw picture representing the level (CANNOT use pictures in book) Color drawing –Write example below picture Fold 4 sheets of paper staggered by one inch. Staple at bottom. Title the front tab: Levels of Organization Under each tab: –Define the level in your OWN words –Draw picture representing the level (CANNOT use pictures in book) Color drawing –Write example below picture 24

26. Goal 2: FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS

27. I. The Sun A. Provides all energy for life on Earth.

28. II. AUTOTROPHS A. “Self-Feeders” B. capture energy from the sun to produce food C. also called a PRODUCER –Ex: plants & algae

29. D. 2 Ways to make Food (Sugars) 1. Photosynthesis - use light energy a.Ex: algae, plants 2. Chemosynthesis - use chemical energy a.Ex: cyanobacteria, sulfur bacteria – uses hydrogen sulfide for energy 3. Both use energy to make sugars and oxygen

31. Everything Else… HETEROTROPHS

32. III. HETEROTROPHS A. “Different-Feeders” B. Must “eat” other organisms for energy C. also called a CONSUMER D. Types of heterotrophs:

33. 1. Herbivores Eats Plants

34. 2. Carnivores Hunts/Kills Animals

35. 3. Omnivores Eats Plants & Animals

36. 4. Detritivores Eats Dead Remains & Waste

37. 5. Decomposer Breaks Down Dead Matter

38. 6. Scavenger Eats Animals already killed

39. Goal 3: Food Chains & Food Webs

40. I. Food Chain A. Diagram of steps in which organisms transfer energy B. Each “step” (organism) is called a trophic level

41. B.Energy flows in ONE direction C.Must use an ARROW to show direction of energy 1.Arrow points to organism RECEIVING energy by eating

42. D. Example:  Rules: 1.Must start with a producer 2.Arrows must point right 3.Only 3-5 organisms long Sunflower seeds Mouse Snake Owl

43. E. Order of Consumers  1 st order: mouse  2 nd order: snake  3 rd order: owl Sunflower seeds Mouse Snake Owl

44. Grass Zebra Lion Bacteria How many trophic levels are in this food chain? Which trophic level is the lion in? Which organism is the 1 st order consumer? ….the 2 nd order consumer? …. The 3 rd order consumer?

45. II. Food Web A. Diagram that links all of the food chains in an ecosystem together 1.Same rules apply as food chains

47. Trophic Levels Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Trophic Level. Producers Always The First Trophic Level Always The First Trophic Level How Energy Enters The System How Energy Enters The SystemHerbivores Second Trophic Level Second Trophic Level 46 Omnivores & Carnivores Third Trophic Level and Up

48. Trophic Level Pyramid

49. Ecologists use ecological pyramids to represent the relationships among trophic levels I. Three types: Pyramid of Energy Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Numbers

50. a.Shows amount of energy at each trophic level b.Energy decreases as you go up i.10% of the energy at each trophic level goes on to the next level ii.90% is lost as heat

51. a.Shows the total weight of living matter at each trophic level b.Typically the greatest biomass is at the bottom of the pyramid.

52. a.Shows the population size at each level b.Amount of organisms decreases as you go up