1. CHAPTER 3 Global Changes Reshape Colonial America 1680–1750

2. Middle Colonies, 1685

3. Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson
Dutch most aggressive European traders
New Netherlands—two settlements
Fort Orange on Hudson (Albany)
New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island
New Amsterdam very diverse: eighteen different languages in use by 1644
1664—colony captured by English fleet
Dutch could keep property

4. Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson
Area given to king’s brother, James, Duke of York
Property included New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maine, and islands
Duke’s laws guaranteed religious toleration and created local government
Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level

5. Confusion in New Jersey
James gave New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret
Some land titles already given by New York
Confusion over who had right to grant land and organize government
Berkeley split colony by selling out to Quaker group
Reunited in 1702 as single royal colony

6. Quakers in America Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Quakers
Quakers believed no need for a formal ministry; each person’s interpretation of scripture is equally valid
“Quaker” a derogatory term for those who “tremble at the word of the Lord”
Members called sect “Society of Friends”

7. Quaker Beliefs and Practice
Founder: George Fox (1624–1691)
Believed in “Inner Light”
Rejected predestination; anyone could be saved
Emphasized values of humility, simplicity, and pacifism
Quakers persecuted as dangerous anarchists

8. William Penn

9. Penn’s “Holy Experiment”
Aristocrat William Penn became a Quaker leader
Granted charter for Pennsylvania; bought Delaware from New Jersey proprietors, ensuring ocean access
“Holy Experiment”—a society run on Quaker principles
Promoted religious toleration
Balance of power between rich and poor
Political structure failed because it was too cumbersome

10. Settling Pennsylvania
Penn’s income came from land sales to settlers
Settlers recruited from England, Wales, Ireland, and Germany
Diversity caused conflict
Non-Quaker population did not share Quaker ideals
1701—Charter of Liberties
Self-rule to Pennsylvania
Separated Delaware

11. The Carolinas and Georgia

12. Proprietors of the Carolinas
Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight “proprietors” to reward loyalty
Tried to recruit settlers from established American colonies
Few inhabitants in first years

13. The Barbadian Connection
Anthony Ashley Cooper encouraged settlement by planters from Barbados
Barbadians settled around Charleston, recreated plantation system of Barbados
Rice eventually became the staple crop
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina drawn up by John Locke
Rejected by population that desired greater self-government

14. The Barbadian Connection
French Huguenot settlers opposed Barbadians
1719—last governor appointed by proprietors overthrown
1729—king takes over and splits the colony into northern and southern halves

15. The Founding of Georgia
Georgia founded in 1732
James Oglethorpe’s ideas
Strategic purpose: buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida
Charitable purpose: refuge for imprisoned debtors from England
Originally rum and slaves prohibited, landowning capped
Oglethorpe’s ideas unpopular and repealed by 1751

16. England’s Principal Mainland Colonies

18. Living with Diversity All colonies faced early struggle to survive
Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout the colonial period
Challenge of the eighteenth century was how to create unity out of that diversity

19. The Structure of Planter Society: The Gentry
Tobacco the basis of Chesapeake wealth
Large landowners had to have labor under their control
Great planters few but dominant
Arrived with capital to invest in workers
Amassed huge tracts of land
Gentry intermarried and become colony’s elite leaders 10

20. The Structure of Planter Society: The Freemen
The largest class in Chesapeake society
Most freed at the end of indenture
Lived on the edge of poverty

21. The Structure of Planter Society: Indentured Servants
Servitude a temporary status
Conditions harsh
Servants regarded their bondage as slavery
Planters feared rebellion

22. The Structure of Planter Society: Post-1680s Stability
Before 1680, the rank of gentry was open to people with capital
Demographic shift after 1680 created Creole elite
Ownership of slaves consolidated planter wealth and position
Freemen found advancement more difficult

23. The Structure of Planter Society: A Dispersed Population
Large-scale tobacco cultivation required:
Extensive landholdings
Ready access to water-borne commerce
Result: population dispersed along great tidal rivers
Virginia a rural society devoid of towns
Education system seen as unnecessary and got little attention 11

24. Race and Freedom in British America
Native Americans decimated by disease
European indentured servant pool waned after 1660
Enslaved Africans filled demand for labor 12

25. Roots of Slavery First Africans came to Virginia in 1619
Status of Africans in Virginia unclear for fifty years 13

26. Roots of Slavery
Rising black population in Virginia after 1672 prompted stricter slave laws
Africans defined as slaves for life
Slave status passed on to children
White masters possessed total control of slave life and labor
Mixing of races not tolerated 13

27. Origins and Destinations of African Slaves, 1619–1760
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29. 1. This image was created in 1789, shortly after the adoption of the American Constitution and in the midst of worldwide revolutionary sentiment about the cause of human freedom. How might this context have influenced the strategies of British abolitionists in using this document?
(Answer: The image shows captured Africans physically had no freedom. If people who believed in liberty and freedom saw it, they could have reasoned that slavery was against liberty and therefore inhuman. The image implies that white slave traders were holding back the cause of freedom, both for Africans and worldwide.)
2. Why might Figures IV and V have been particularly effective at garnering sympathy for African slaves?
(Answer: Figures IV and V show how humans were treated as cargo, as things, and stuffed into tight spaces on the ship. They show the inhumane conditions of slavery most vividly.)

34. Constructing African American Identities: Geography’s Influence
Slave experience differed from colony to colony
60% of South Carolina’s population black
Nearly half of Virginia’s population black
Blacks much less numerous in New England and the Middle Colonies 14

35. Constructing African American Identities: African Initiatives
Older black population tended to look down on recent arrivals from Africa
All Africans participated in creating an African American culture
Required an imaginative reshaping of African and European customs.
By 1720, African population and culture were self-sustaining
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36. Constructing African American Identities: Slave Resistance
Widespread resentment of debased status
Armed resistance such as South Carolina’s Stono Rebellion of 1739 a threat
Black mariners linked African American communities and brought news of outside world to American slaves 16

37. Colonial Products

38. Rise of a Commercial Empire
English leaders ignored colonies until 1650s
Restored monarchy of Charles II recognized value of colonial trade
Navigation Acts passed to regulate, protect, glean revenue from commerce 17

39. Response to Economic Competition
“Mercantilism”
One country’s gain is another country’s loss
Countries gain power by control of world’s scarce resources
English trade regulations more ad hoc responses to particular problems than coherent mercantilist policy

40. Response to Economic Competition
Varieties of motivation
Crown wanted money
English merchants wanted to exclude Dutch
Parliament wanted stronger navy— encouraged domestic shipbuilding industry
Most people preferred more exports, fewer imports

41. Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1660
Ships engaged in English colonial trade
Must be made in England (or America)
Must carry a crew at least 75% English
Enumerated goods only to English ports
1660—list included tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, dyes, ginger
1704–1705—list also included molasses, rice, naval stores 18

42. Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1660
Effects
Encouraged shipbuilding in England
Made it harder for rivals to get certain goods
Generated revenue for the crown 18

43. Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1663
The Staple Act
Goods shipped to English colonies must pass through England
Increased price paid by colonial consumers
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44. Regulating Colonial Trade: Implementing the Acts
Navigation Acts aimed at removing Dutch role in English commerce
Planters hurt by Navigation Acts
New England merchants skirted laws
English revisions tightened loopholes
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45. Regulating Colonial Trade: Implementing the Acts
1696—Admiralty Courts and Board of Trade created
Navigation Acts eventually benefited colonial merchants
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46. Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691
English colonies experienced unrest at the end of the seventeenth century
Unrest not social revolution but a contest between gentry “ins” and “outs”
Winners gained legitimacy for their rule
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47. 1. Does the labor in this image from a surveyor’s map seem difficult or easy? What evidence supports your conclusion?
(Answer: Relatively easy—only slaves carrying indigo seem to be doing heavy labor, but they do not appear to be struggling; work can be done with only a few slaves; no violence or coercion seems necessary.)
2. Why would Mouzon choose to portray indigo production as effortless?
(Answer: To get potential planters to buy land, equipment, and slaves to grow indigo (since he was a surveyor he would profit from land sales); perhaps to demonstrate that enslavement of African Americans and forced labor was not cruel; perhaps to indirectly recruit rich slave owners to move to South Carolina to increase the colony’s wealth.)