1. Parts of Speech
and
Functions of Words

2. Part of Speech: NOUN Nouns name Kinds of nouns Person Place Thing
Abstraction
Idea
Emotion
Kinds of nouns
Common
Proper

3. Function of NOUN in Sentence
Subject:
Jack jumped over the candlestick.
Direct object:
Mary had a little lamb.
Jack sent Mary an invitation.
Indirect object:
Jack sent Mary an invitation.
Object of the preposition:

4. Noun function Noun in direct address: Appositive:
Jack, will you help me?
Appositive:
Mr. Smith, the grocer, rang up my bill.
Predicate nominative or subject complement:
Mr. Smith is a grocer.
Possessive:
Jack’s pail has a hole in it.
The boys’ game was cancelled.
The men’s game was cancelled.

5. Part of Speech: PRONOUN
Pronouns replace nouns: stand-in for a person, place thing or abstraction.
The noun replaced by the pronoun is known as the antecedent

6. Function of PRONOUN in Sentence
Pronouns have all the same functions as nouns.

7. Kinds of PRONOUNS Personal pronouns – replace noun
1st person singular: I, me, my, mine
1st person plural: we, us, our
2nd person : you, you, your (thou, thee, thine)
3rd person singular: He,she,it; him, her, it; his, hers, its ( Note the possessive its has no apostrophe! it’s = it is )
3rd person plural: They, them, their
Interrogative pronouns – ask questions
Who, whom, whose?
Which, what?

8. Kinds of Pronouns Indefinite pronouns – do not require an antecedent:
Singular: another, any, each, nothing, one, anyone, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, something, either, neither
Plural: few, many, some, all
Relative pronouns -- create a dependent clause by introducing a noun or adjective clause
The man, who hit my car, did not give me his license number.
who, whom, whose, whoever, which, whichever, what, whatever, that

9. Kinds of Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns – point
This, these
That, those
Intensive pronouns – emphasize preceding noun. Same form as
Reflexive pronouns – receive the action of the subject who is the same person
Singular: Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

10. Part of Speech: ADJECTIVE
Adjectives describe, limit or modify a noun or pronoun
The blue dress was beautiful.
Article
Definite: the
Indefinite: a, an

11. Part of Speech: ADVERB
Adverbs modify or describe: verbs, adverbs, and adjectives.
He ran quickly.
He ran very quickly.
The dress was cobalt blue.

12. Part of Speech: PREPOSITION
Prepositions link a noun or pronoun to other words in the sentence creating a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: preposition + noun
He ran to the bus.
She met me at six o’clock.

13. Function of PREPOSITION in Sentence
Prepositional phrases always modify or describe something.
Adjectival prepositional phrases:
The stew for dinner was delicious.
Adverbial prepositional phrases:
The stew was made with beef, potatoes, carrots and onions.

14. Part of Speech: CONJUNCTION
Conjunctions connect
Coordinate conjunctions
and, or, nor, so, for, but, yet
Correlative conjunctions
both…and
either…or
neither…nor
Not only…but also
Whether…or
Subordinate conjunctions

15. Function of CONJUNCTIONS in Sentences
Coordinate conjunctions -- connect words, phrases or clauses of equal weight.
Jack and Jill went up the hill.
Jack fell down, and Jill came tumbling after.
Correlative conjunctions – always used in pairs also connect terms of equal weight
Both Jack and Jill went up the hill.
Not only Jack did fall down, but Jill also tumbled after him.
Subordinate conjunctions – create dependant clauses by introducing adverb clauses
When Jack fell down, Jill tumbled after.

16. Common Subordinate Conjunctions
After
Although As
As if
Because
Before If
Once
Since
That
Unless
Until
When
Whenever
Where
While

17. Part of Speech: INTERJECTION
Interjections exclaim or express emotions
Ouch
Alas Oh
All those words you curse with

18. Part of Speech: VERB
Verbs express action, state of being or condition

19. Function of VERB in Sentence
Main verbs
Action: walk, sing, fly
State of being or linking: is, feel
Auxiliary (helping) verbs – combine with main verbs to create verb phrases
Be: am walking, was sung
Have: had flown

20. Principal Parts of Verbs
Infinitive: to be
3rd person present tense: is
3rd person past tense: was
Past participle: been
to have, has, had, had
to walk, walks, walked, walked
to sing, sings, sang, sung
to fly, flies, flew, flown

21. VERB Tenses Present: Past Future I walk The bird flies I walked
The bird flew
Future
I shall walk
The bird will fly

22. Perfect VERB Tenses Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
I have walked
The bird has flown
Past Perfect
I had walked
The bird had flown
Future Perfect
I shall have walked
The bird will have flown

23. Progressive VERB Tenses
Present progressive
I am walking
The bird is flying
Past progressive
I was walking
The bird was flying
Future progressive
I shall be walking
The bird will be flying

24. VERB Voice Active Passive Jack threw the ball
The ball was thrown by Jack

25. VERB Moods Indicative – makes a statement
The cow jumped over the moon.
Interrogative – asks a question
Who jumped over the moon?
Imperative – gives a command or direct request
Jump over the moon.
Subjunctive – expresses a wish or contrary-to-fact statement
If the cow jump over the moon, I will be surprised.
I wish the cow would jump over the moon.

26. VERBALS Parts of verbs that function as nouns, adjectives or adverbs
Present participle: being, walking, singing, flying
The flying bird overhead is a blue heron.
Past participle: been, walked, sung, flown
The opera sung last night was Carmen.
Infinitive: to be, to walk, to sing, to fly
To walk a mile every day is healthy.
Gerund (always as a noun): being, walking, singing, flying
Flying is his passion