1. 20 th Century India The last British Colony

2. The British East India Trading Company The Crown Jewel – the Company saw India as a moneymaker Indian textiles and spices The Company ran the country like a business They many sure to get certain princes on their side to support them

3. Benefits of UK rule Medicine, Transport, Communication, British Education

4. Drawbacks to UK rule Integration of British culture Led to the loss of Indian culture 30,000,000 die when the British force crop changes through the country

5. Changing over to the UK The Sepoy Rebellion (1857-58): the EIC was in control of India through subsidiary alliances but they were forcing out any leader without a legit claim to the throne Used Indian troops to do that Bacon fat led to the rebellion Result: EIC is kicked out of control of India and the power falls to the India Office created quickly in Britain

6. Still Changing Over 1876 – Queen Victoria is named Empress of India with the Royal Titles Act of 1876 1885 – Creation of the Indian National Congress Congress designed to get a more governing power for India in their own country First Imperialized country to use nationalism as a reason for independence Collection of Sikhs, Muslims, and Hindus Realize that only violence works…

7. Nope Still Working on That 1906 – Muslim League Form because of the Hindu Mahasabha - idea that in order to be Indian you must follow a Hindu way of life start trying to convert Muslims to Hinduism Violence surrounds the Mahasabha so the Muslim break away from the coalition creating the League within the Indian National Congress

8. Enter Mohandas Gandhi Educated in Britain he was a lawyer Started with the Satyagraha Campaign Designed to end the poor treatment of Indians in S. Africa Used civil disobedience Intentional Non-violent Breaking the law and accepting the consequences Designed to change an unjust reality

9. Effects of WWII Viceroy of India declared war while the Congress declared neutrality Nationalist leaders resigned their commissions and the country of India remained neutral until Japan was on their doorstep Capture of Indian troops in Singapore Creation of the Indian National Army – liberate Indian with Japanese support Britain sued for peace with India, promising dominion status (self-rule under the protection of Britain) Nehru is made leader and Britain given independence

10. Independence and Partitions Muslims supported the British the entire war so they want something in return 16 July 1947 – creation of Pakistan Hindu India and Muslim East and West Pakistan Mass relocation through India Mass violence – ethnic cleansing

11. More Violence and the Death of Gandhi Over 1 million dead as the mass migration finishes 30 January 1948 – Gandhi assassinated by Hindu Nationalist for supporting partition

12. Jawaharlal Nehru Ally of Gandhi 1 st Prime Minister of India (1947-1961), secularist Advocated Industrialization Promoted “Green Revolution” Socialist Economy

13. A Free India To aid poor, Nehru turns to Socialism Economy weak, population on the rise Tried to help lower castes Stressed industry Made Nonalignment to counter bi-polar world

14. Non-Alignment Movement

15. The Problem with Kashmir is… Hindu governor brought Muslim population into Indian at the partition Both sides want it…war Still at odds…both are nuclear power

16. US Sticks its Foot in its Mouth…Again US sells F-16 jet to Pakistan – India angry

18. India’s “Green Revolution” Introduced higher – yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizer, and new irrigation techniques in 1965 Established five-year plans to set economic goals Goal – make India self- sufficient in food and grains

19. Indira Gandhi…no relation Nehru’s daughter, Prime Minister of India (1966- 1984) Continues Nehru’s policies Faced corruption charges and internal nationalist rebellions Implemented large scale sterilization as a form of birth control

20. Another Gandhi Martyr Violent Sikh separatists attack India June 1984 – Raid on the Golden Temple “Blue Star” – Indian troops attacked the temple to expel Sikh nationalists 500 dead Two Sikh bodyguards killed Gandhi in retaliation

21. Its Becoming a Family Affair Rajiv Gandhi, son of Indira, in power Brings capitalism Bombed for economic changes These changes saved India

22. The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly World’s largest democracy Excellent economic growth Still split by ethnic and religious factions Terrible poverty in large areas

23. Religious Violence Explodes 13 May 2008 – Jaipur bombs kill 63, 200+ wounded Aug 2007 – Bombs in open-air auditorium and restaurant in Hyderabad kill more than 40 May 2007 – Bomb in historic Hyderabad mosque kills 14 February 2007 – Twin blasts on train travelling from Delhi to Pakistan kills at least 66 people near Panipat July 2006 – More than 160 killed by seven bombs on trail network in Mumbai March 2006 – Bombs at Hindu temple and railway station in Varanasi kill 15 October 2005 – Three blasts in Delhi kill 62

25. Pakistan Led for a minute by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (friend of Gandhi) Strong Islamic fundamentalism Impoverished 1958 - Muhammad Ayub Khan takes control Pakistan divides in 1972 – W. Pakistan – Pakistan E. Pakistan - Bangladesh

26. Benazir Bhutto First female prime minister – 1988 Kicked out in 1990 for corruption Assassinated in 2008 Nawaz Sharif Kicked out three times Struggle between modernizers and fundamentalists

27. Gen. Pervez Masharaff Coup d’etat made Secular gov’t against Islamic fundamentalists US ally in the “War on Terror”

28. Major Problems & Issues in Pakistan Today Economic development Political instability/military dictator (Musharraf forced out and Bhutto killed in 2008, Zardari now the President) Hindu-Muslim tension Kashmir (Nuclear Threat) Three wars have been fought over Kashmir (1948, 1965, 1971) Terrorism – Deal making with the Taliban has backfired

29. It should always end with hope… 29 April 2010 – India and Pakistan agree to restart peace talks April 2010 – offensive stance by Pakistani Taliban to target pro-Pakistan local leaders