1. Philip II
King of Spain
(1556 – 1598)

2. King of Europe??? Philip became king of Spain in 1556.
Spanish possessions included Spanish Netherlands, Milan, Naples, Tunis, lands in the Americas, and a variety of Mediterranean islands.
1580: Portugal is inherited by Philip.
Philip saw himself as an international figure.

3. Philip the Pius
Philip saw himself as the leader of the international crusade to promote Catholicism and stomp out all non-Catholics (included Arabian Muslims, Protestants, Jews, even the Moriscos)

4. Philip the Careless
Philip was so consumed with leading the international Catholic counteroffensive that the economic and material interests of Spanish society deteriorated during his reign.

5. Golden Age of Spain
Despite huge military expenditures, Spanish power and culture flourished.
Undoubtedly the strongest navy until 1588
Spanish cultural renaissance led by Sp. Humanists
Cervantes – “Don Quixote”
Lope de Vega – 700 dramas
Lots of art – El Greco, Murillo, Valazquez

6. Escorial
Philip built a new palace/monestary/mausoleum 30 miles from Madrid on a bleak arid plateau of central Castille -- Escorial.
Built in honor of St. Lawrence, (won a battle against France on his feast day).
Shaped like a grill, since St. Lawrence was roasted alive (a martyr).
Filled with monks and family coffins
By 1600, 1/3 of the population of Spain was employed in service to the Catholic church.

7. Escorial

8. Escorial Basilica

9. Escorial Basilica

10. The Royal Apartment: Philip’s Bed

11. Entrance to the Pantheon de los Reyes

12. The Crypt of Kings

14. The Crypt of Kings

15. Escorial

16. Monestary of San Lorenzo El Escorial

17. Stairway to private area of the monestary

18. Apparent Successes of Philip II
1567: Duke of Alva sent to suppress religious /political dissidents in the Netherlands.
1569: Revolt of the Mariscos in Spain put down.
1569: Philip supported a revolt of Catholics in N. England; Pope excommunicated Elizabeth I and absolved her subjects from obedience to her.

19. More Successes? 1571: Spain won the Battle of Lepanto
1572: Philip supported the St. Barts day massacre in France

20. Battle of Lepanto

21. Revolt in the Netherlands
Political, Religious, and Economic
1566: 200 noblemen founded a league to “check” Spanish influence in Neth.
Petitioned Philip to leave the Neth. out of its inquisition, but Philip refused
In Response, a mass revolt of the lower classes broke out, razing 400 Catholic churches, etc.
Philip sent in the Inquisition under the Duke of Alva

22. Netherlands, cont.
Will of Orange rallied the Dutch to fight Spain, and a small war broke out.
1576: Prot. and Cath. joined to fight Philip
1578: England openly supported Dutch
BUT----the Spanish bribed the S. territories and they joined Spain against the N.
1581: N. Dutch declared complete independence.
Fighting didn’t completely end until 1609

23. England
Philip married Mary I to become King of England and helped bring the inquisition there.
After her death, he wanted to either marry or kill Elizabeth to remain king.
Spain was involved in several plots to put Mary Stuart on the throne.
Mary’s execution led to the attack of the Spanish Armada.

24. Spanish Armada
1587: As the Sp. Armada was amassing in Cadiz harbor, Drake sailed in and burned the ships (Singeing the king’s beard)
1588: The new armada (130 ships) sailed carrying 30,000 men and 2,400 pieces of artillery.
planned to sail to the Neth. and then cross the channel to defeat England.

25. Spanish Armada
Met by 200 English ships in the channel led by Drake and Lord Howard of Effingham.
Eng. Ships smaller, lighter, faster, and well-armed with guns.
Used fireships
Protestant wind blew the Spanish north around the tip of Scotland and N. Ireland, killing most of the crews.
Major setback from which Spain never really recovered.

28. Spanish Armada

29. British Fleet

30. Foreign Effects Spain loses maritime dominance
England gains control of the seas
British East India Company founded--1600
1609: Netherlands officially split
N = United Provinces (Netherlands)
S = Sp. Netherlands (Belgium)
1602: Dutch East India Company founded
1607/1612: Settlements in Virginia & New Netherlands

31. Spanish Effects
By 1600, monarchy living day to day, economically, always waiting for the next treasure from the Indies to make ends meet.
Production was down, and the econ. Was weakened by inflation, taxation, emigration, and depopulation
Ex. Seville: 16,000 looms in 1500; 400 in 1600

32. More Spanish Effects
Too many crusades left Spain with lots of minor aristocrats and church personnel who were very haughty and didn’t contribute much to the economy.
: 280,000 Moriscos expelled (best farmers and skilled artisans)
1640: Portuguese independence
Hapsburg mental problems added to the difficulties