1. Why is English related to other languages?
Key Issue 2
Why is English related to other languages?

3. Indo-European Branches
English is part of the Indo-European language family Most extensively spoken language family, spoken by 48% of people Nearly 3 billion people speak an Indo- European language as their 1st language

4. Indo European Branches
Language Branch: collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed thousands of years ago Divided into 8 branches Most spoken: Indo-Iranian, Romance, Germanic and Balto Slavic Least spoken: Albanian, Armenian, Greek & Celtic

5. Indo-European Language Family
Fig. 5-5: The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.

6. Using Colored Pencils, Color-Code your Map
Indo-European Language Branches
Albanian Germanic
Armenian Greek
Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian
Celtic Romance

7. On the back of your map More-Spoken Branches Less-Spoken Branches
Divide your paper into 8 parts for each of the language branches -take notes for each branch using Key Issue 2: Figure 5-5, 5-8, 5-12
More-Spoken Branches
Less-Spoken Branches
Indo-Iranian
Albanian
Germanic
Armenian
Romance
Greek
Balto-Slavic
Celtic

8. Germanic Branch
English & German are closely related -Germanic tribes that invaded England 1,500 years ago -Other Germanic languages: -Dutch & Frisian (Netherlands) -Flemish (Belgium) -Afrikaans (South Africa) -Scandinavia: Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic

9. Germanic Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.

10. Indo-Iranian Branch
Most spoken of Indo-European family More than 100 languages, 1 billion people
Eastern Group: Indic
Western Group: Iranian

11. Indic (Eastern) group of Indo-Iranian Branch
2nd largest language group Mostly common in India 1/3 of Indians speak Hindi (Indic) -Many ways to speak it -Only ONE way to write it: Devanagari (7th Century) -Until recently few speakers could read/write it Pakistan: Urdu language -spoken like Hindi, but written in Arabic (Muslim)

12. India
4 language families represented in India -IndoEuropean (North) -Dravidian (south) -Tibetan (NE) -Austro-Asiatic (central/Eastern highlands) Independence, 1947 Proposed official language: Hindi Dravidian speakers of South objected Constitution recognizes 18 official languages English is often used for communication as a “common language”

13. South Asian Languages and Language Families
Fig. 5-7: Indo-European is the largest of four main language families in South Asia. The country of India has 18 official languages.

14. Iranian (western) group of Indo-Iranian Branch
Iran & southwestern Asia Persian (Farsi): Iran Pashto: E Afghanistan & W Pakistan Kurdish: W Iran, N Iraq, E Turkey All written in Arabic alphabet

15. Balto-Slavic Branch of Indo-European
Formerly a single language 7th Century AD, Slavs migrated from Asia to E Europe Different languages as a result of migration Four major groups: East, West, South Slavic and Baltic

16. East Slavic and Baltic Groups
Most widely spoken: Russian, 80% of Russian people Soviet officials forced native speakers of other languages to speak Russian Form a sense of national unity After collapse of Soviet Union, eastern countries adopted other official languages -shows more cultural diversity Russian still used for communication in countries formerly part of Soviet Union Ukranian & Belarusan: 2 other important languages in East Slavic languages

17. West and South Slavic Groups
Polish: most spoken West Slavic language
Former Czechoslovakia
Czech and Slovak: understand each other's languages
-tried to balance the two languages (1/2 sport game announcement in each)
-Slovakia split from Czech Republic in 1993
Former Yugoslavia: language was Serbo-Croatian
Two alphabets: Roman alphabet & Cyrillic alphabet
Now: Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian: all very similar
Suppressing Nationalism in Yugoslavia

18. Romance Branch of Indo-European
Evolved from Latin: spoken by Romans 2000 years ago Four most spoken: Spanish, Portuguese, French and Italian Mountains separate the countries: intervening obstacles -barriers to communication Romanian: 5th most spoken: Romania & Moldova Other languages: 1) Romansh (Switzerland) and 2) Catalan (Andorra-Pyrenees and E Spain-Barcelona) 3) Sardinian mixture of Spanish, Arabic & Italian (Sardinia)

19. Latin American Spanish
Spanish vs Catalan
Castillian Spanish
Latin American Spanish
English
billete (m)
boleto (m)
ticket
ordenador (m)
computadora (f)
computer
tortilla (f)
In Spain, a ‘tortilla’ is an omelette. In Latin America, a ‘tortilla’ is a flat bread.
melocotón (m)
durazno (m)
peach
patata (f)
papa (f)
potato

20. Origin of Diffusion of Romance Languages
Diffusion of Latin language during expansion of - -Roman Empire over hundreds of years Previous languages spoken mostly eliminated Latin varied throughout empire Merged & evolved with previous languages

21. Origin and Diffusion of Romance Languages
“Vulgar Latin” a spoken form of Latin, used throughout the Roman Empire Literary term: equus - equestrian, equine Vulgar term: caballus  caballo, cavalo, cheval

22. Collapse of Roman Empire, 5th Century Communication between provinces decreased -creating more variation in languages

23. Romance Language Dialects
Francien French Language of Paris (capital/largest city), dominated local dialects Became official language for France in 16th Century North and South Dialects derive from different ways to say “yes” in Latin
Yes
Latin
Hoc illud est
Northern France
Langue d’oil
Paris
o – il
“wheel”  “oui”
Southern France
Langue d’oc oc

24. Romance Language Dialects
Spain Castilian, 9th century in Old Castile, North-central Spain Spread southward 15th Century, Spain united into present country Castilian became official language Regional dialects only remained in secluded rural areas “Castilian” or “Spanish” is official language of Spain today

25. Spanish & Portuguese
90% of speakers live outside Europe Diffused to America by Spanish & Portuguese Land divided by Pope Alexander VI 1493 Spanish Royal Academy Meet weekly to clarify spelling, vocab, pronunciation of “Spanish”

26. Portuguese
1994 language was standardized Language more closely resembles Brazilian Portuguese Upsets people in Portugal Eliminates accent marks

27. Creole Languages
Distinction between a dialect and a new language can be difficult Speakers like to classify their dialect as a distinct language Creolized languages (origin of “creole” = slave born in master’s house) A language that results from mixing of colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of people being dominated French Creole in Haiti Portuguese Creole in Cape Verde islands of African coast

28. Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European
Germanic, Romance, Balto Slavic and Indo- Iranian languages Same language family: Indo-European Evidence of a single ancestor cannot be proved with certainty

29. Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7,000 years ago.

30. Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.