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Anatomy and Physiology
Kingdom Plantae Anatomy and Physiology
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Plant Structure Plant cells, like those of animals, are arranged into tissues and organs.
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Plant Tissues 1) Meristematic tissue 2) Protective tissue
3) Vascular tissue 4) Fundamental tissue
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Meristematic tissue Site of cell division-MITOSIS!
Located at the apex (tip) of roots and shoots
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Protective tissue Epidermis-outer layer of cells on leaves, green stems, and roots Cuticle-a waxy layer covering the epidermis that reduces water loss and protects against infection Cork-protective tissue on woody stems (non-living)
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Vascular tissue Conducting tissues that transport food and water up stems to leaves Xylem-transports water up Phloem-transports food and minerals up and down
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Fundamental tissue Used in the production and storage of food
Ex) parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
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Plant Organs 1) Roots 2) Stems 3) Leaves 4) Reproductive structures
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Roots Anchor plant in soil Store food
Take up water and nutrients from the soil May serve as asexual reproductive structures (ex-tubers) May have nitrogen fixing bacteria (legumes)
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3 types of roots 1) Taproot-rapid growth, few secondary branches
Ex) carrots, dandelions, beets, radishes 2) Fibrous- have a lot of secondary roots Ex) grasses 3) Adventitious-may grow out of stem above ground Ex) ivy, prop roots on corn
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3 types of roots
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Prop roots
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Roots and Microorganisms
Symbiosis-relationship between 2 organisms where at least one benefits Legumes-members of the pea family Ex) beans, peas, clover, alfalfa Nitrogen fixing bacteria live in nodules on the roots of legumes. They convert “fix” atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for the plant.
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Roots are for food storage and asexual reproduction
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Stems Hold leaves, may allow for movement of leaves in response to sunlight Hold flowers, fruits, and seeds Contain vascular tissue for transport
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2 types of stems Herbaceous-soft, green, juicy
Ex) plants with short life cycles like annuals Woody-thick, tough tissue that you think of as wood Ex) plants that generally live more than 2 years and don’t die back in the winter-maples, pines, shrubs
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Leaves Sites of photosynthesis Can be simple or compound
Waxy cuticle prevents water loss Have stomata to allow for gas exchange and to reduce water loss
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Stomatal opening
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Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis
Broad flat surfaces have large surface area Arrangement on stems allows all leaves to face sunlight Some structures move to follow the path of sunlight Exception-cacti have leaves modified into spines for protection
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Reproductive Structures
Cones (gymnosperms) Flowers (angiosperms) Stamens Anther Filament Pistil Stigma Style Ovary
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