1. Anatomy and Physiology
Kingdom Plantae
Anatomy and Physiology

2. Plant Structure
Plant cells, like those of animals, are arranged into tissues and organs.

3. Plant Tissues 1) Meristematic tissue 2) Protective tissue
3) Vascular tissue
4) Fundamental tissue

4. Meristematic tissue Site of cell division-MITOSIS!
Located at the apex (tip) of roots and shoots

5. Protective tissue
Epidermis-outer layer of cells on leaves, green stems, and roots
Cuticle-a waxy layer covering the epidermis that reduces water loss and protects against infection
Cork-protective tissue on woody stems (non-living)

6. Vascular tissue
Conducting tissues that transport food and water up stems to leaves
Xylem-transports water up
Phloem-transports food and minerals up and down

7. Fundamental tissue Used in the production and storage of food
Ex) parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

8. Plant Organs
1) Roots
2) Stems
3) Leaves
4) Reproductive structures

9. Roots Anchor plant in soil Store food
Take up water and nutrients from the soil
May serve as asexual reproductive structures (ex-tubers)
May have nitrogen fixing bacteria (legumes)

10. 3 types of roots 1) Taproot-rapid growth, few secondary branches
Ex) carrots, dandelions, beets, radishes
2) Fibrous- have a lot of secondary roots
Ex) grasses
3) Adventitious-may grow out of stem above ground
Ex) ivy, prop roots on corn

11. 3 types of roots

12. Prop roots

13. Roots and Microorganisms
Symbiosis-relationship between 2 organisms where at least one benefits
Legumes-members of the pea family
Ex) beans, peas, clover, alfalfa
Nitrogen fixing bacteria live in nodules on the roots of legumes. They convert “fix” atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for the plant.

14. Roots are for food storage and asexual reproduction

15. Stems
Hold leaves, may allow for movement of leaves in response to sunlight
Hold flowers, fruits, and seeds
Contain vascular tissue for transport

16. 2 types of stems Herbaceous-soft, green, juicy
Ex) plants with short life cycles like annuals
Woody-thick, tough tissue that you think of as wood
Ex) plants that generally live more than 2 years and don’t die back in the winter-maples, pines, shrubs

17. Leaves Sites of photosynthesis Can be simple or compound
Waxy cuticle prevents water loss
Have stomata to allow for gas exchange and to reduce water loss

18. Stomatal opening

19. Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis
Broad flat surfaces have large surface area
Arrangement on stems allows all leaves to face sunlight
Some structures move to follow the path of sunlight
Exception-cacti have leaves modified into spines for protection

20. Reproductive Structures
Cones (gymnosperms)
Flowers (angiosperms)
Stamens
Anther
Filament
Pistil
Stigma
Style
Ovary