1. The Climate-Ocean-Atmosphere Connection Geosc040, Lecture 11 Feb 18, 2014 The Dirty Heads - Cabin By The Sea Thanks to Thanks to Jacob G. Shark in the Water by V V Brown Thanks to Thanks to Rachel B. The River Bruce Springsteen Thanks to Emily C. Thanks to Emily C.

2. Read Chapter 7 Ocean circulation On-line Assignment 6 due today, Feb 18 Homework 2 due Feb 25. Two attempts with limited review. Read Chapter 7. Thanks to Chris B. & Carl R.

3. The Sea Around Us Asteroids in the news http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/17/huge-asteroid-to-fly-by-earth-on-tuesday-morning- watch-it-live/http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/17/huge-asteroid-to-fly-by-earth-on-tuesday-morning- watch-it-live/

4. Satellite based views of ocean circulationSatellite based views of ocean circulation Required viewing… http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/17/huge-asteroid-to-fly-by-earth-on- tuesday-morning-watch-it-live/http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/17/huge-asteroid-to-fly-by-earth-on- tuesday-morning-watch-it-live/

6. The Sea Around Us The North Pacific Gyre is the home of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. https://sites.google.com/site/greatpacificgyre/

7. The North Pacific Gyre is the home of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. https://sites.google.com/site/gre atpacificgyre/https://sites.google.com/site/gre atpacificgyre/

9. Have you seen the TED lecture? How the oceans can clean themselves: Boyan Slat at TEDxDelf http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROW9F-c0kIQ

10. ThermoHaline Circulation Heating, Wind, Currents, Coriolis,

11. http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.LEVITUS94/.ANNUAL/Z/0.0/VALUE/.temp/

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. The Ocean-Atmosphere Connection, The Ocean-Atmosphere Connection, Stirring Up The Deep

14. Ocean Circulation Trujillo & Thurman, Fig 7A

15. Ocean Circulation Trujillo & Thurman, Fig 7.3

16. Trujillo & Thurman, Fig 7.4 ThermoHaline Circulation Heating, Wind, Currents, Coriolis

17. Trujillo & Thurman, Fig 7.5 ThermoHaline CirculationHeating, Wind, Currents, Coriolis ThermoHaline Circulation Heating, Wind, Currents, Coriolis

18. Let’s look at the Gulf Stream as an example of a Western Boundary Current formed in this way WBC EBC

19. Ekman Transport, Coriolis Forcing & Gyres Trujillo & Thurman, Fig 7.7

20. Ekman Transport, Coriolis Forcing & Gyres Trujillo & Thurman, Fig 7.8

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ekman Transport, Coriolis Forcing & Gyres

22. Eastern and Western Boundary Currents Produced by variation of Coriolis Forcing as a function of latitude

23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ThermoHaline Circulation Connections to Life in the Ocean Currents, Sunlight, Water Temperature SeaWiFS/SeaStar Satellite. Color shows Chlorophyll concentration.Color shows Chlorophyll concentration. Blue is lowBlue is low Red/Orange is highRed/Orange is high Trujillo & Thurman, Fig 7.1

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Upwelling and downwellingUpwelling and downwelling Vertical motion of ocean currentsVertical motion of ocean currents Trujillo & Thurman, Fig 7.12

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertical motion of ocean currentsVertical motion of ocean currents Trujillo & Thurman, Fig 7.12

26. The Coriolis Effect L H Northern Hemisphere Wind blowing toward this low pressure system will: A.Follow the path of the yellow arrow B.Follow the path of the red arrow C.Follow the path of the white arrow D.Start along the yellow path but then change to the red path

27. The Great North Pacific Garbage Patch: A.Is caused by upwelling of cold water over the equator B.Is held together in part by the North Pacific Gyre C.Circulates in a clockwise direction D.Is not influenced by the Coriolis effect E. B and C

28. The arrows shows wind directions from high to low pressure L H H H H The sketch is drawn for: A.The southern hemisphere B.The northern hemisphere C.Right over the equator D.None of the above

29. Again to the Deep Let’s return to consideration of deepwater mass circulation How does heat transport work to produce deepwater circulation? What is the pattern of deepwater movement through the ocean? How long, on average does this passage take?

30. Ocean Water Temperatures Average temperature curves for three general latitudinal zones: Polar, Temperate, and Tropical Surface water masses are warmest in the tropics, coldest at the poles, as expected Below about 1000-1500 meters temperatures are uniformly low

31. Global "Thermohaline" Circulation Circulation of ocean water driven by temperature and salinity differences

32. The Ocean "Conveyor Belt" The "Conveyor" system is a very generalized view of the work done by surface and deep circulation in mass and heat transfer. Sinking of cold dense waters at high latitude Return of warm surface waters to replace them

33. Details of the “Conveyor” in the N. Atlantic Red/orange--warm surface currents; blue/yellow--cool deep

34. Global "Thermohaline" Circulation Circulation of ocean water driven by temperature and salinity differences

35. General Principles of Ocean Circulation Solar energy drives differential heating of the Earth's surface This differential heating produces convection in the atmosphere, which, in turn produces winds Ocean surface currents are driven primarily by the global wind system Deep-water circulation is driven by temperature and salinity contrasts between water masses These two systems work together to transfer mass and heat over the surface of the earth The ocean does about 30 to 50% of the heat transport from low to high latitudes

36. 1) Reflection and Adsorption of Energy 2) Heat Redistribution 3) Heat Transfer to Atmosphere 4) Ocean is the main source of Water Vapor 5) Ocean is a reservoir (Longer-term "sink”) for carbon dioxide Ocean's Role in Energy Transfer and Climate Regulation Five key factors & processes