1. Please answer: How did the publishing of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle effect the operations of food industries in the United States? How did the publishing of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle effect the operations of food industries in the United States?

2. The Progressive Era 1880-1920 APUSH Chapter 28

3. Essential Questions Why was a “reform” movement necessary during the late 19th century? How did industrialization, immigration, & urbanization contribute to this movement? Who were the progressive reformers? (social class)

4. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire 1911 Spirit p. 213

5. Progressive Era Amendments 17 th Amendment: 17 th Amendment: Direct election of Senators 18 th Amendment: 18 th Amendment: Prohibition of Alcohol 19 th Amendment: 19 th Amendment: Women’s suffrage Significance of initiative, referendum, & recall?

6. Progressive Roots Well before 1900, politicians and writers had begun to pinpoint targets for the progressive attack Well before 1900, politicians and writers had begun to pinpoint targets for the progressive attack Henry Demarest Lloyd assailed the Standard Oil Company in 1894 Henry Demarest Lloyd assailed the Standard Oil Company in 1894 Wealth Against Commonwealth Wealth Against Commonwealth Jacob A. Riis shocked middle-class Americans in 1890 with Jacob A. Riis shocked middle-class Americans in 1890 with How the Other Half Lives which described the dark and dirty slums of New York How the Other Half Lives which described the dark and dirty slums of New York

7. Muckrakers Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business during early 20 th century Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business during early 20 th century Expose unethical/unfair business practices Expose unethical/unfair business practices Expose abuse of power by big business Expose abuse of power by big business Fought to end child labor Fought to end child labor Expose unsanitary & unsafe conditions Expose unsanitary & unsafe conditions

8. Raking the Muck Popular magazines, ( McClure’s, Collier’s), began to appear in American newsstands in 1902 Popular magazines, ( McClure’s, Collier’s), began to appear in American newsstands in 1902 They exposed the corruption and scandal that the public loved to hate They exposed the corruption and scandal that the public loved to hate These were very popular with the average citizen, but much less so with the wealthy These were very popular with the average citizen, but much less so with the wealthy

9. Jacob Riis Riis’s book showed the plight of the urban poor, mostly immigrants who were forced to live in small cramped spaces that lacked adequate sanitation or ventilation

10. Upton Sinclair Famous Muckraker Famous Muckraker Wrote The Jungle Wrote The Jungle Exposes unsanitary conditions of the meat packing industry Exposes unsanitary conditions of the meat packing industry Greatly influenced others to investigate businesses Greatly influenced others to investigate businesses

11. At the turn of the Twentieth century, the United States was entering the era of progressivism. Following the tumultuous Gilded Age where each level of government favored big business, many lower-class Americans demanded change at the workplace. This included higher wages, the rights for workers to unionize without penalty, safer working conditions, amongst others. At the turn of the Twentieth century, the United States was entering the era of progressivism. Following the tumultuous Gilded Age where each level of government favored big business, many lower-class Americans demanded change at the workplace. This included higher wages, the rights for workers to unionize without penalty, safer working conditions, amongst others. On September 20, 1878, Upton Sinclair was born in Baltimore, Maryland into a poor, lower class family. His family resided in Baltimore, until their move to New York City when he was ten. After finishing Columbia University, Sinclair traveled along the Northeast. He married Meta Fuller and settled down in Princeton, N.J. After publishing many unsuccessful novels, he got caught in the growing socialist movement in America under Eugene V. Debs. Sinclair began to write books advocating change through investigative journalism; this practice was called muckraking. Upon hearing about a job in Chicago to investigate the meat-packing industry, he moved there to examine the workers’ conditions. He published his findings in The Jungle, a novel depicting an immigrant who worked in one of plants. On September 20, 1878, Upton Sinclair was born in Baltimore, Maryland into a poor, lower class family. His family resided in Baltimore, until their move to New York City when he was ten. After finishing Columbia University, Sinclair traveled along the Northeast. He married Meta Fuller and settled down in Princeton, N.J. After publishing many unsuccessful novels, he got caught in the growing socialist movement in America under Eugene V. Debs. Sinclair began to write books advocating change through investigative journalism; this practice was called muckraking. Upon hearing about a job in Chicago to investigate the meat-packing industry, he moved there to examine the workers’ conditions. He published his findings in The Jungle, a novel depicting an immigrant who worked in one of plants.

12. Although many people thought the aim of The Jungle was to target the unsanitary conditions of the meat-packing industry, Sinclair was more focused on revolutionizing America into a socialistic society. He advocated for the end of “wage slavery” and a redistribution of wealth. Although many people thought the aim of The Jungle was to target the unsanitary conditions of the meat-packing industry, Sinclair was more focused on revolutionizing America into a socialistic society. He advocated for the end of “wage slavery” and a redistribution of wealth. How would Socialism change that?" asked the girl-student, quickly. It was the first time she had spoken. How would Socialism change that?" asked the girl-student, quickly. It was the first time she had spoken. "So long as we have wage slavery," answered Schliemann, "it matters not in the least how debasing and repulsive a task may be, it is easy to find people to perform it. But just as soon as labor is set free, then the price of such work will begin to rise. So one by one the old, dingy, and unsanitary factories will come down—it will be cheaper to build new; and so the steamships will be provided with stoking machinery, and so the dangerous trades will be made safe, or substitutes will be found for their products. In exactly the same way, as the citizens of our Industrial Republic become refined, year by year the cost of slaughterhouse products will increase; until eventually those who want to eat meat will have to do their own killing—and how long do you think the custom would survive then? "So long as we have wage slavery," answered Schliemann, "it matters not in the least how debasing and repulsive a task may be, it is easy to find people to perform it. But just as soon as labor is set free, then the price of such work will begin to rise. So one by one the old, dingy, and unsanitary factories will come down—it will be cheaper to build new; and so the steamships will be provided with stoking machinery, and so the dangerous trades will be made safe, or substitutes will be found for their products. In exactly the same way, as the citizens of our Industrial Republic become refined, year by year the cost of slaughterhouse products will increase; until eventually those who want to eat meat will have to do their own killing—and how long do you think the custom would survive then? Excerpt from The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Excerpt from The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

13. Ida Tarbell Who was her main target? Who was her main target? Why? Why? John Rockefeller

14. Lincoln Steffens Famous book? Famous book? The Shame of the Cities The Shame of the Cities “I have been over into the future, and it works." “I have been over into the future, and it works."

15. Progressive Governors Robert M. LaFollette   Robert M. LaFollette   Governor of Wisconsin Governor of Wisconsin Took power back from big business (1901) Took power back from big business (1901) Emerged as a leading figure in the Progressive movement Emerged as a leading figure in the Progressive movement Hiram W. Johnson Hiram W. Johnson Governor of California Governor of California Broke the power of the Southern Pacific Railroad in state politics (1910) Broke the power of the Southern Pacific Railroad in state politics (1910)

16. Carrie Chapman Catt Reform movement? Reform movement? Why did she challenge the 14 th & 15 th Amendments? Why did she challenge the 14 th & 15 th Amendments? Was she successful? Was she successful? Women’s suffrage amendment? Women’s suffrage amendment? Spirit p. 224 Spirit p. 224

17. Florence Kelley Associated with which reforms? Associated with which reforms? - Child labor - Minimum Wage - 8 hour workdays

18. Progressive Women Female activists worked through various organizations Female activists worked through various organizations Women's Trade Union League Women's Trade Union League National Consumers League National Consumers League Led by Florence Kelly (1899) Led by Florence Kelly (1899) Mobilized female consumers to pressure government for laws safeguarding women and children in the workplace Mobilized female consumers to pressure government for laws safeguarding women and children in the workplace

19. Theodore Roosevelt 26 th president of U.S. 26 th president of U.S. (1901 – 1909) Gained fame in Spanish American War Gained fame in Spanish American War First modern president: transformed presidency into the strong executive office it is today First modern president: transformed presidency into the strong executive office it is today Roosevelt saw the presidency as a “bully pulpit” from which he could influence news and shape legislation Roosevelt saw the presidency as a “bully pulpit” from which he could influence news and shape legislation Increased the power and prestige of the presidency

20. Square Deal Various progressive reforms sponsored by Roosevelt to help common citizens Various progressive reforms sponsored by Roosevelt to help common citizens 1. Fight big business (trust-busting) 2. Regulate the railroads 3. Est. health guidelines for food industry 4. Conserve natural resources & Est. National Parks

21. TR the Trustbuster The Progressive movement needed a President to take on the Trusts The Progressive movement needed a President to take on the Trusts In 1902, President Roosevelt challenged the Northern Securities Company (Trust) In 1902, President Roosevelt challenged the Northern Securities Company (Trust) They sought to achieve a monopoly of the railroads in the Northwest They sought to achieve a monopoly of the railroads in the Northwest The Supreme Court sided with the President and the trust was dissolved The Supreme Court sided with the President and the trust was dissolved

22. Consumer Protection Backed by the public, President Roosevelt passed the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 Backed by the public, President Roosevelt passed the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 The public had been sickened by the Sinclair novel, The Jungle The public had been sickened by the Sinclair novel, The Jungle The act stated that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection The act stated that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 Designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals Designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals

23. John Muir Newlands Act of 1902

24. The “Roosevelt Panic” of 1907 A panic descended upon Wall Street in 1907 A panic descended upon Wall Street in 1907 The financial world blamed the panic on President Roosevelt for unsettling the industries with his anti-trust tactics The financial world blamed the panic on President Roosevelt for unsettling the industries with his anti-trust tactics Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908 Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908 Authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral Authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral

25. The Rough Rider Thunders Out TR decides not to run for a 3 rd term in 1908 TR decides not to run for a 3 rd term in 1908 Seeks someone to continue his progressive policies Seeks someone to continue his progressive policies William H. Taft  Who does Taft run against in 1908? Who does Taft run against in 1908?

26. William Howard Taft How did Taft fare as President? How did Taft fare as President? Compare Taft to another former President. Compare Taft to another former President. Suffered from “foot in mouth disease” Suffered from “foot in mouth disease” In what two areas did Taft make progress as President? In what two areas did Taft make progress as President?

27. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. The U.S. should create stability abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests. The U.S. should create stability abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests. U.S. policy of using economic power to exert influence on other countries U.S. policy of using economic power to exert influence on other countries

28. Taft the Trustbuster Taft brought 90 suits against trusts – double that of TR Taft brought 90 suits against trusts – double that of TR Taft pursues an anti- trust suit against U.S. Steel Corp Taft pursues an anti- trust suit against U.S. Steel Corp TR had personally protected this trust TR had personally protected this trust Payne-Aldrich Bill infuriates progressives Payne-Aldrich Bill infuriates progressives Stage is set for major problems in the Rep party Stage is set for major problems in the Rep party

29. TR vs. Taft Republican party splinters behind TR & Taft Republican party splinters behind TR & Taft Election of 1912 Election of 1912 Taft – Republicans Taft – Republicans Wilson – Democrats Wilson – Democrats Roosevelt – Progressives Roosevelt – Progressives Debs – Socialists Debs – Socialists Taft Roosevelt WilsonDebs