1. 3rd quarter Assessment

2. The M can be either Mitosis or Meiosis
The Cell Cycle
2 Main Phases
Interphase and M phase
The M can be either Mitosis or Meiosis
Interphase ---G1, S, G2
M phase---
PMAT

3. DNA replication—Chromosomes Double
During the S stage of Interphase
Know the structure below:

4. Prophase: Nucleolus and Nuclear membrane disappear, centrioles and spindle fibers appear and Chromosomes are visible
Metaphase –Sister chromatids (doubled chromosomes) line up down the MIDDLE of cell
Anaphase---Sister chromatids (doubled chromosomes) are pulled apart
Telophase---opposite of prophase
Cytokinesis---cell divides---parent cell becomes 2 cells.

5. Mitosis Info:
Creates:
2 Diploid cells
AKA 2 Body cells
AKA 2 Somatic Cells

6. Meiosis creates cells for sex reproduction Meiosis has 8 total phases
Meiosis makes—
4 Haploid Cells
AKA 4 Sex Cells
AKA 4 Gametes
Meiosis creates cells for sex reproduction
Meiosis has 8 total phases
Know what each phase of Meiosis I and II look like

7. Meiosis I

8. Meiosis II

9. DNA Replication Takes place in the Nucleus
Copies chromosomes…an organism’s entire genome
Enzymes: Helicase and DNA Polymerase
Helicase causes Hydrogen bonds to break between the DNA strands
New nucleotides are made during Step 2 of replication

10. 4 Major Differences between DNA and RNA
DNA ---2 strands RNA ---1 strand DNA—Sugar RNA---Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Bases---Adenine, Thymine Bases—Adenine, Uracil Cytosine, Guanine Cytosine, Guanine

11. KNOW how to use the Table of mRNA codons and amino acids
Protein Synthesis
The two processes that make it up are Transcription and Translation
It takes place in the Ribosomes
The mRNA codons have the code for the amino acid strand
KNOW how to use the Table of mRNA codons and amino acids

12. Genetics Gregor Mendel---Father of Gentics Used pea plants
An allele is an alternate form of a gene
Genotype—genetic make up---use letters
Phenotype—physical outward appearance—use descriptive words
Homozygous Genotype---2 same size letters
Heterozygous Genotype---2 different letters

13. Representing other Genotypes---Use 1st letter of dominant trait and make it Capital
Use the same letter and make it lower case
All codominance and Incomplete Dominance crosses end in the 2 codominant traits creating BLENDED offspring
Dihybrid Crosses—Hetero for both traits X Hetero for both traits
9:3:3:1 Ratio
Sex chromosomes are XX-female XY—male

14. DNA Transcription Takes place in the NUCLEUS
Process of making mRNA from DNA
RNA POLYMERASE is the enzyme that unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds…
New RNA bases pair with the exposed DNA bases
RNA POLYMERASE bonds a new sugar and phosphate to EACH base to help create a strand of mRNA

15. Translation
Translation takes place in the ribosome to help build a protein.
mRNA carries the code and tRNA translates it by bringing an amino acid to the ribosome.
AT the end of the process, mRNA and tRNA release from each other
What is left is a strand of AMINO ACIDS aka a PROTEIN