2. Splash Screen

3. Contents Chapter Introduction Section 1The Road to the Constitution Section 2Creating and Ratifying the Constitution Section 3The Structure of the Constitution Section 4Principles Underlying the Constitution Review to Learn Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

4. Chapter Intro 1 Chapter Overview In Chapter 3 you learn about the United States Constitution. Section 1 describes the proceedings of the Constitutional Convention. Section 2 discusses the drafting of the United States Constitution. Section 3 explains the three main parts of the Constitution. Section 4 examines the structure and principles of the Constitution.

5. Chapter Intro 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Relate the events of the Constitutional Convention. Describe the birth of the U.S. Constitution. Explain the structure of the Constitution. Analyze the principles of the Constitution.

6. Chapter Intro 3 Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

7. End of Intro Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

8. Section 1-1 Guide to Reading In 1787 a remarkable group of American leaders from all but one state gathered in Philadelphia to address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, but they soon decided that a new constitution was needed. Constitutional Convention Main Idea Key Term Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

9. Section 1-2 Guide to Reading (cont.) Identifying Information As you read, list prominent leaders and characteristics of delegates to the Constitutional Convention in a web diagram like the one on page 52 of your textbook. Who attended the Constitutional Convention? Reading Strategy Read to Learn What rules did the delegates adopt to conduct their business? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

10. Section 1-3 Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Charles Pinckney

11. Section 1-4 A Distinguished Gathering Each state except Rhode Island sent delegates to Philadelphia to fix the flaws in the Articles of Confederation. Most of the 55 men were well-educated and experienced in politics. Native Americans, African Americans, and women were not included. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 52–53)

12. Section 1-5 A Distinguished Gathering (cont.) Benjamin Franklin was the oldest delegate at 81. He was a diplomat, writer, inventor, and scientist. Two delegates–George Washington and James Madison–would later become presidents. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 52–53)

13. Section 1-6 A Distinguished Gathering (cont.) Thomas Jefferson and John Adams could not attend. They were in Europe as representatives of the United States government. Patrick Henry opposed the convention and did not attend. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 52–53)

14. Section 1-8 Early Decisions The delegates chose George Washington to preside. Washington chose a committee to set rules for conducting the convention. The committee decided that decisions would be made by majority vote, with each state having one vote. Delegates agreed to keep all discussions secret to enable all to speak freely. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 53–54)

15. Section 1-9 Early Decisions (cont.) No formal records were kept. Most of what we know comes from James Madison’s personal notebook of events. The delegates decided to discard the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution. Thus the meeting came to be known as the Constitutional Convention. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 53–54)

16. Section 1-16 Close Would a more diverse group of delegates have changed the outcome?

17. End of Section 1 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

18. Section 2-1 Guide to Reading Delegates to the Constitutional Convention arrived with varying ideas and plans of government, which meant that compromise would be necessary to reach agreement. legislative branch Main Idea Key Terms executive branch judicial branch Great Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Electoral College Federalists federalism Anti-Federalists Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

19. Section 2-2 Comparing and Contrasting As you read, compare the Virginia Plan to the New Jersey Plan by completing a Venn diagram like the one on page 55 of your textbook. What plans of government did delegates offer at the Constitutional Convention? Reading Strategy Read to Learn What compromises were agreed upon by the delegates? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.)

20. Section 2-3 Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Roger Sherman

21. Section 2-4 Two Opposing Plans James Madison designed the Virginia Plan. It called for a government with three branches: the legislative branch (lawmakers), executive branch (to carry out the laws), and judicial branch (a system of courts to interpret and apply the laws). The legislature would have two houses, with the states represented by basis of population in each. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 55–56)

22. Section 2-5 Two Opposing Plans (cont.) The Virginia Plan appealed to the large states. The small states feared a government dominated by large states would ignore their interests. The New Jersey Plan also called for three branches of government. The legislature would have one house and each state would get one vote. This plan would give equal power to large and small states. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 55–56)

23. Section 2-7 Constitutional Compromises Roger Sherman’s committee proposed a Senate and a House of Representatives. Each state would have equal representation in the Senate. Representation in the House would be based on population. The delegates accepted this Great Compromise. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 56–58)

24. Section 2-8 Constitutional Compromises (cont.) Southern states wanted to count enslaved African Americans as part of their population in determining representation in the House. Northern states opposed this plan. In the Three-fifths Compromise, delegates agreed that every five enslaved persons would count as three free persons for determining congressional representation and figuring taxes. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 56–58)

25. Section 2-9 Constitutional Compromises (cont.) Northern states wanted Congress to be able to regulate foreign trade and trade between the states. Southern states feared Congress would then tax their exports and stop the slave trade. They agreed to give Congress the power to regulate trade, but it could not tax exports or interfere with the slave trade before 1808. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 56–58)

26. Section 2-10 Constitutional Compromises (cont.) Delegates disagreed on whether Congress or the voters should choose the president. The solution was the Electoral College, a group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president. Today, the voters in each state, not the legislators, choose electors. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 56–58)

27. Section 2-12 Approving the Constitution Ratification required at least 9 of 13 state conventions to vote “yes.” Supporters of the Constitution called themselves Federalists to emphasize that the Constitution would create a system of federalism, a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states. Federalists argued for a strong central government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 58–59)

28. Section 2-13 Approving the Constitution (cont.) Opponents, the Anti-Federalists, wanted more power for the states and less for the national government. They also wanted a bill of rights to protect individual freedoms. Both agreed to add a bill of rights. This promise turned the tide. The Constitution took effect when New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify it. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 58–59)

29. Section 2-20 Close Explain why you agree or disagree with the following statement: The Framers of the Constitution should have prohibited slavery in the United States.

30. End of Section 2 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

31. Section 3-1 Guide to Reading The Constitution is a remarkable document, which serves as an adaptable blueprint for governing the United States. Preamble Main Idea Key Terms amendment Bill of Rights income tax Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

32. Section 3-2 Categorizing Information As you read, create and complete a chart like the one on page 82 of your textbook by listing important features of the U.S. Constitution. How is the Constitution organized? Reading Strategy Read to Learn What do the three parts of the Constitution accomplish? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.)

33. Section 3-3 Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Patrick Henry

34. Section 3-4 The Constitution and Its Parts The main purpose of the Constitution is to provide a framework for government, but it is also the highest authority in the nation. The powers of all branches come from it. It has three main parts: the Preamble, seven articles, and amendments. The Preamble states the goals and purposes of government. The first part makes clear that government gets its power from the people and exists to serve them. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 82–85)

35. Section 3-5 The Constitution and Its Parts (cont.) The Preamble states six purposes: Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 82–85) –“To form a more perfect Union” –“To establish Justice” –“To insure domestic Tranquility” –“To provide for the common defense” –“To promote the general Welfare” –“To secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity”

36. Section 3-5 The Constitution and Its Parts (cont.) The articles explain how government is to work. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 82–85) The first three articles describe the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of government.

37. Section 3-6 The Constitution and Its Parts (cont.) Article I describes the legislative branch as two houses with lawmaking authority. It then describes how members will be chosen. The article also lists specific powers Congress does and does not have. Article II establishes the executive, or law-enforcing, branch headed by a president and vice president. It explains how these leaders will be elected and can be removed and describes their powers and duties. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 82–85)

38. Section 3-7 The Constitution and Its Parts (cont.) Article III establishes the judicial branch to interpret and apply the laws. It calls for one Supreme Court plus lower courts and describes the powers of federal courts. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 82–85)

39. Section 3-8 The Constitution and Its Parts (cont.) Article IV says that all states must respect one another’s laws and explains the process of creating new states. Article V specifies how the Constitution can be amended. Article VI declares that the Constitution is the “supreme Law of the Land” and federal law prevails over state law. Article VII states that the Constitution would take effect when nine states ratify it. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 82–85)

40. Section 3-10 Amending the Constitution An amendment is any change to the Constitution. The first 10 amendments are the Bill of Rights. The Sixteenth Amendment allows Congress to collect an income tax–a tax on people’s earnings. The Framers made sure that the Constitution could not be altered without overwhelming support of the people. Only 27 amendments have become law. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 85–86)

41. Section 3-11 Amending the Constitution (cont.) The amendment process involves two steps: proposal and ratification. An amendment may be proposed by a vote of two-thirds of both houses of Congress or by a national convention requested by two- thirds of the state legislatures. Once proposed, an amendment must be ratified by three-fourths of the states. The states can do this by a vote of either the state legislature or a special state convention. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 85–86)

42. Section 3-13 Interpreting the Constitution The Constitution is a general document and open to interpretation. Article I gives Congress the power “to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper” to carry out its duties. This necessary and proper clause allows Congress to exercise implied powers not specifically listed in the Constitution. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 86–87)

43. Section 3-14 Interpreting the Constitution (cont.) Americans disagree on what laws are “necessary and proper.” Loose interpreters believe Congress can make any laws not specifically forbidden. Strict interpreters believe Congress can make only the kinds of laws mentioned by the Constitution. The Supreme Court has the final authority on interpreting the Constitution. Each new interpretation, whether strict or loose, changes our government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 86–87)

44. Section 3-15 Interpreting the Constitution (cont.) Actions by Congress and the president have also caused new interpretations. For example, the president requests legislation from Congress. This action is not directed by the Constitution. Custom also changes the interpretation of the Constitution. For example, political parties, not mentioned in the Constitution, are part of today’s political system. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 86–87)

45. Section 3-22 Close Did the Framers of the Constitution succeed in balancing the power among the three branches of government, or does one branch actually have more power than the others do?

46. End of Section 3 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

47. Section 4-1 Guide to Reading The Framers of the Constitution designed a government that incorporated the principles of popular sovereignty, rule of law, separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism. popular sovereignty Main Idea Key Terms rule of law separation of powers checks and balances expressed powers reserved powers concurrent powers Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

48. Section 4-2 Summarizing Information As you read, complete a graphic organizer like the one on page 89 of your textbook to describe the five principles included in the U.S. Constitution. How is power distributed in the U.S. government? Reading Strategy Read to Learn What principles of government are contained in the U.S. Constitution? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.)

49. Section 4-3 Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Benjamin Franklin

50. Section 4-4 Popular Sovereignty The Framers had a common vision for the government: It should be representative of the people and limited in scope. Power should be divided among different levels. To achieve these ends, the Framers embraced five principles as the backbone of the Constitution: popular sovereignty, rule of law, separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 89–90)

51. Section 4-5 Popular Sovereignty (cont.) Article IV guarantees a republic, in which supreme power belongs to the people (popular sovereignty). The people express their will through elected representatives. Provisions, such as those about the right to vote, ensure popular sovereignty. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 89–90)

52. Section 4-7 Rule of Law The Framers believed the government should be strong but not too strong. The Constitution sets limits by stating what government may and may not do. Government is also limited by the rule of law. This means that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 90)

53. Section 4-9 Separation of Powers To keep any one person or group from becoming too powerful, the Framers divided government into three branches with different functions. This split of authority among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches is called the separation of powers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 91)

54. Section 4-11 Checks and Balances Checks and balances keep any one branch from becoming too powerful. Each branch can check, or restrain, the power of the others. For example, the president can veto laws, Congress can block presidential appointments, and the Supreme Court can overturn laws it finds contrary to the Constitution. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 91–92)

55. Section 4-13 Federalism Under federalism, power is shared by the national government and the states. Americans must obey the laws of both. Enumerated or expressed powers are powers the Constitution specifically grants to the national government. Powers not given to the national government are reserved powers kept by the states. Powers that both levels of government can exercise are concurrent powers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 92–93)

56. Section 4-14 Federalism (cont.) When national and state laws conflict, the Constitution is the final authority. Neither the national nor state governments may act in violation of the Constitution. The Constitution is both durable and adaptable. It provides the government sufficient power to keep order, protect, and defend, yet sets limits to avoid tyranny. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 92–93)

57. Section 4-21 Close Explain the difference between federalism and separation of powers.

58. End of Section 4 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

59. Review 1 Section 1: The Road to the Constitution In 1787, 55 men met at what would become known as the Constitutional Convention. The convention delegates agreed on several operating procedures. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

60. Review 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2: Creating and Ratifying the Constitution Two major plans were offered at the Constitutional Convention. The Great Compromise settled the dispute over the two plans.

61. Review 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3: The Structure of the Constitution The Constitution is divided into three parts.

62. Review 4 Section 4: Principles Underlying the Constitution The Constitution ensures that the government’s power comes from the people and is limited. The federal system further limits the U.S. government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

63. End of Review Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

64. Chapter Assessment 13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What could be considered a weakness of the Constitution? Possible answers: It is open ended, causing battles between government branches and between loose and strict interpretations; and the system of checks and balances slows response time and action.

65. End of Assessment Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

66. M&C Contents Map Ratifying the Constitution Charts Comparing Governments Amending the Constitution Foundations of Our Rights and Freedoms Checks and Balances Federal and State Powers Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

67. M&C 1

68. M&C 2

69. M&C 3

70. M&C 4

71. M&C 5

72. M&C 6

73. DYK4 Among those groups with the worst rates of voter participation in the United States are 18- to 25-year-olds.

74. YDS3 National Versus Federal The word national never appears in the Constitution. At the time of the Constitutional Convention, the country was sensitive to national because it referred to a central government that had power over and above that of the states. Instead, the delegates tried to use the word federal because people were accustomed to hearing it. Federal also implied that the states would not be giving up power.

75. WWWW2 Storing Documents The Constitution and the Declaration of Independence are stored at the National Archives building in Washington, D.C. The documents are preserved in helium-filled bronze and glass cases to keep them from being damaged by the atmosphere. They can be lowered to a fire-resistant, shockproof safe.

76. WWWW3 Short on Words The United States Constitution is a relatively short document–about 7,000 words. Rather than describing every procedure in detail, the Constitution provides the structure and fundamental principles for the country’s government.

77. Time1 What is the setting for this cartoon? What do you imagine prompted the speaker to make the statement he did? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

78. Time2 The cartoon is set in Washington, D.C., with the U.S. Capitol in the background. Reasons for the speaker’s statement will vary. One possible scenario is that a lawmaker faced with the prospect of an unconstitutional measure responds by reassuring his fellow lawmaker that the Constitution can be changed.

79. DFT1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

80. DFT2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Southern states would have had more electoral votes and Jefferson could have won.

81. DFT3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

82. DFT4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

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