4. Occupational Health  Work and Health :  IS there any relation between work and health?

5. Occupational hazards

6. Definitions (WHO,ILO) Occupational H. is the promotion & maintenance of highest degree of physical, mental & social wellbeing of workers in all occupations. It includes: 1-Promotion & maintenance of H. 2-Prevent departures from H. caused by working conditions 3-Protection from risks due to working conditions 4-Placement of workers in appropriate physiological & psychological Env. 5-Rehabilitation & compensation of disabled

7. Ergonomics (human engineering) (ergon =work, nomos=law) *Definition: fitting job to worker. *It involves: -Design of machine, tools, equipment & manufacturing processes -Lay-out of place of work, methods of work & Env. *Objectives: -Best mutual adjustment between man & his work -Improvement of human efficiency & well-being -Decrease work accidents

8. Occupational Env. *Def.: Sum of external conditions & influences that prevail in work place & can affect H. of workers. It complements domestic Env. *3 types of interaction: -Man & physical, chemical & biological agents -Man & machine (accident) -Man & man (psychosocial factors)

9. Occupational (industrial) Medicine: *Is a primarily a branch of preventive medicine with therapeutic functions *It deals with: -H. problems of peoples working in industry -Study work Env. & its impact on H. of workers -H. promotion for workers through prevention & control of H. hazards

10. General MedicineOccupat. Medicine Deals with general population Deals with worker Deals with diseasedDeals with healthy Field work at hospital/clinic Field work is at plant Single ordinary clinical examination Many medical exam. (pre-employment, periodic, post-sickness) General dis. not compensated Occupational dis. must be compensated Not deals with Env. H.Deals with Env. H

11. WorkHazardsCause Steel foundry Textile Cold storage Drilling operations Mines Precision work Welding Pneumatic drill Radioactive mines Heat stroke Heat exhaustion Frostbite Impaired hearing Nystagmus Eye strain Cataract Raynaud Radiation effects Physical: Heat Heat & humidity Cold Noise Poor light Intense light Intense heat/light Vibration Radiation

12. WorkHazardsCause Paints, dyes Chemical Construction Dermatosis Burns Asphyxia, death Pneumoconiosis Chemical: Dyes Acid/alkali Gases/fumes Dust Coal, oil workers Moving machine Callosities Injury Mechanical: Friction Flying objects Agriculture Hunters, vetern. Brucellosis Tetanus Rabies Biological: Brucella Cl. Tetani, Rabies virus Any work Accidents Injury Psychological: Disharmony Depression

13. Occupational Hazards (community level) 1-Increase social diseases : STD, TB 2-Poor env. Sanitation: slums, industrial wastes 3-Poor mental H. increase crimes & accidents

14. General methods of prevention of occupational diseases - The main aim is to eliminate the HAZARD. - If this is not possible, we try to eliminate the RISK i.e. eliminate the possibility that the HAZARD can induce Health effects. - The preventive program includes: Environmental (engineering) measures Medical measures.

15. Environmental (engineering) measures: - Substitution. - Isolation. - Segregation. - Ventilation. - Environmental monitoring. - Assurance of Ergonomics in the work place. - Uses of personal protective equipments.

16. Medical Measures:. Pre-employment medical examination.. Periodic medical examination.. Personal protective devices.. Health education.

17. Occupational H. team 1-Occupational physician 2-Occupational hygienist 3-Occupational nurse 4- Epidemiologist 5- Ergonomist 6- Safety engineer 7- Lawyer

18. Duties of Occupational physician: 1-Medical examination: -Pre-employment -Periodic -Post-sickness 2-Medical care: -1 st aid measures -Medical treatment -Medical rehabilitation 3-Supervision of workplace Env. 4-Supervision of personal protective measures 5-Supervision of hygienic facilities in factory 6-Supevision of nutrition of workers 7-H. Ed.

19. Occupational health program - Pre employment medical examination. - Survey of the work environment. - Periodic medical examination. - Special examination. - Medical care. - First aid facilities. - Disability evaluation.

20. Occupational health program - Rehabilitation. - Plant sanitation. - Health education. - Keep up of medical records. - Study & control of absenteeism.

36. Some at-risk occupational groups Medical profession 1-Radiation: -Artificial ultraviolet and infrared rays in physiotherapy. - Ionizing radiation in radiodiagnosis and radiotherapy. 2- Chemical exposure: handling chemicals used in disinfection and sterilization may cause contact dermatitis.

37. 3- Biological exposure : - Inhalation infection: due to contact with cases of respiratory infection. - Contact infection: on handling infective or contaminated materials as blood (HBV, HCV, HIV). 4-Psychosocial risks: a- Worry, stress and tension of work. b- Faulty:  Cigarette smoking.  Sedentary life and lack of physical exercise.  Lack of recreation.

38. Farmers and Agriculture workers 1-Work accidents: on using agricultural articles and machinery. 2- Physical Agents:  Prolonged exposure to heat and sun during summer may cause sunstroke.  Exposure to cold during winter may predispose to respiratory diseases.  Ultraviolet rays of sun affects skin and eyes long term exposure may cause skin malignancy.

39. 3- Chemical Agents:  Application of chemicals (insecticides and pesticides) exposes farmers to many health hazards depending on the type of the used chemical duration of exposure and route of entry (inhalation, contact and occasionally ingestion)  Using the empty containers of insecticides for filling water or other purposes is potentially risky.

40. 3-Biological Agents: a- zoonotic infections : due to handling infected animals.  Contact zoonoses : determatophytoses, wounded infection (commonly staphylococcal sepsis, occasionally tetanus and rarely gas gangrene).  Parasitic disease: bilhariziasis and ancylostomiasis. b- Allergy: due to inhalation of biological allergens present in air as pollen, wool, animal hair and others. c- Farmers’ lung disease caused by inhalation of spore-bearing dust, hay and straw.

41. Review questions: -Define: Occupational H. Occupational medicine Occupational Env. Ergonomics -Compare between occupational & general medicine -Enumerate different occupational hazards -What are the duties of occupational physicians -Full account on occupational hazards among: *Health care personnel *Farmers & agricultural workers