1. European Nationalism Notes Main Idea: The rise of nationalism caused the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe.

2. Warm-Up  What is your favorite sports team?  What would you do to support your favorite sports team?  Would you put on a t-shirt with the team mascot to show support?  Would you go to a game with your t-shirt on and your face totally painted to show how much you love your team and how dedicated you are to supporting your team?  If your team had lost most of their games for the season and only won two would your still show your loyalty and dedication for your team?  If someone from another team talked trash about your team and bragged about how much better their team is than yours, how far would you go to stand up for your team?  Would you be willing to die for your team?

3. What does this cartoon mean to you? Explain.

4. Nationalism: A Force for Good or Evil?  Two Perspectives of Nationalism Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-states Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-states Rulers use nationalism to unify their subjects Rulers use nationalism to unify their subjects Three types of nationalist movements: Three types of nationalist movements: Unification - merges culturally similar lands Unification - merges culturally similar lands Separation - splits off culturally distinct groups Separation - splits off culturally distinct groups State-building - binds separate cultures into one State-building - binds separate cultures into one

6. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires  2 major empires of Eastern and Central Europe were Austrians and Ottoman Turks Included diverse ethnic groups Included diverse ethnic groups Nationalist feelings amongst these groups contributed to tension across Europe Nationalist feelings amongst these groups contributed to tension across Europe

7. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires  Breakup of Austrian Empire Austria included people from many ethnic groups Austria included people from many ethnic groups 1866 defeat in Austro- Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) and Hungarian nationalism forced emperor to divide empire into Austria and Hungary 1866 defeat in Austro- Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) and Hungarian nationalism forced emperor to divide empire into Austria and Hungary Still ruled by emperorStill ruled by emperor Austria-Hungary flag represents two kingdoms ruled by one emperor. This was a concession to Hungarian nationalism.

8. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires Austria Of its 50 million people in the mid-1800s, fewer that a quarter (25%) were German-speaking Austrians, and almost half belonged to different Slavic groups including Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. Under new leader, Francis Joseph, and inspired by 1848 revolts, limited reforms were made. These reforms failed to satisfy Hungary’s demand for independence. In 1867 the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary was formed; they were separate states, but would share ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs. Ethnic tension continued to grow however…

9. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

10.  The Russian Empire Crumbles After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over their empire After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over their empire Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture Policy further weakens Russia, and strengthens ethnic nationalismPolicy further weakens Russia, and strengthens ethnic nationalism

11. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires  The Ottoman Empire Weakens Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens the empire Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens the empire Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, outraging Turks Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, outraging Turks

12. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires Ottomans After the independence of Serbia and Greece earlier, various other groups staged revolts against the Ottomans. By the mid-1800s European powers had begun to see the Ottomans as weak, referring to them as “the sick man of Europe”. Eagerly they scrambled to divide up the lands; Russia pushed south, Austria-Hungary pushed west into Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Britain and France set their sights on lands in the Middle East and North Africa. A complex web of competing interests developed in the region between regional and European powers, leading to what many would call the region as the “Balkan powder keg.

13. Case Study: Italy’s Unification  Cavour Unites Italy Italy forms territory from crumbling empires Italy forms territory from crumbling empires Had not experienced political unity since Roman times Had not experienced political unity since Roman times 1815-1848 Italian patriots push for independence from foreign rulers 1815-1848 Italian patriots push for independence from foreign rulers Between 1820 and 1848 nationalist revolts exploded across the region Between 1820 and 1848 nationalist revolts exploded across the region Each time Austria sent troops to crush the rebels Each time Austria sent troops to crush the rebels

15. Case Study: Italy’s Unification  Cavour Leads Italian Unification Camillo di Cavour—Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1852 Gets French help to win control of Austrian- controlled Italian land

16. Case Study: Italy  Garibaldi Brings Unity Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy with Sardinia Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy with Sardinia Garibaldi steps aside, allowing the King of Sardinia to rule Garibaldi steps aside, allowing the King of Sardinia to rule Control of Venetia and Rome finally unites Italy Control of Venetia and Rome finally unites Italy

17. Case Study: Germany’s Unification  In early 1800s, German- speaking people, Austrians, and Prussians lived in small and medium-sized states  Under Napoleon’s control the people of the area united to overthrow him  After Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation Ruled by Austria Ruled by Austria

18. Case Study: Germany’s Unification Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states formed the German Confederation Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states formed the German Confederation  Prussia leads German unification Prussia has advantages that help it to unify Germany Prussia has advantages that help it to unify Germany mainly German populationmainly German population powerful armypowerful army creation of liberal constitutioncreation of liberal constitution

19. Case Study: Germany  Bismarck Takes Control Junkers Junkers conservative wealthy landowners conservative wealthy landowners supported Prussian King Wilhelm I supported Prussian King Wilhelm I Realpolitik Realpolitik Political belief that decisions should be made based on reality of situation Political belief that decisions should be made based on reality of situation Junker realpolitik master Otto von Bismarck becomes Prime Minister Junker realpolitik master Otto von Bismarck becomes Prime Minister Bismarck defies Prussian Parliament Bismarck defies Prussian Parliament

20. Case Study: Germany  Prussia Expands Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia Bismarck leads all victories Bismarck leads all victories  Seven Weeks War Bismarck creates a border dispute with Austria to provoke a war Prussia seizes Austrian territory & northern Germany Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom are joined for the first time

21. Case Study: Germany  The Franco-Prussian War Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles Bismarck creates a Germany united by Prussian dominance Bismarck creates a Germany united by Prussian dominance

22. Positive perspective He was the greatest and noblest of Germany’s leaders Almost singlehandedly unified the nation Negative Perspective He abused his powers and led Germany to dictatorship Speeches, letters, memoirs show him to be both crafty and deeply religious “It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the strong.” “We Germans shall never wage aggressive war, ambitious war, a war of conquest.” Bismarck

23. A Shift in Power  Balance Is Lost In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe: In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe: AustriaAustria PrussiaPrussia BritainBritain FranceFrance RussiaRussia By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) dominate the continent By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) dominate the continent Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically