1. = compounds that contain CARBON (and at least one hydrogen atom)
Organic compounds = ?
= compounds that contain CARBON
(and at least one hydrogen atom)

2. If you remove all the water from our bodies,
over half of what’s left = carbon!

3. carbon is a very versatile element
atomic # = 6
so… how many vacancies in outer shell?
at each vacancy, carbon can form a covalent bond with another atom

4. CH4 = methane H C H H H

5. covalent bonds are _________ bonds.
STRONG
covalent bonds are _________ bonds.
this means they store a lot of energy---
--- and release a lot of energy when broken!
What are some common high- energy organic compounds??

6. carbon and hydrogen for high-E chains
FOSSIL FUELS

7. Monomers and Polymers M
monomer = single basic subunit
polymer= a large molecule made up of many identical
or similar monomers bound together M

8. Important Organic Molecules
I. Carbohydrates =
simple or complex sugars
C: H: O ratio of 1: 2: 1
the most common simple sugar on the planet???
GLUCOSE (main sugar made by plants)
types of carbohydrates:
A. monosaccharides = 1 sugar
B. disaccharides = 2 sugars
C. polysaccharides = many sugars

9. A. monosaccharides: simple sugars
glucose
fructose
galactose
B. disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides linked together
sucrose = glucose + fructose
lactose = glucose + galactose
maltose = glucose + glucose (from barley malt: beer)
C. polysaccharides: polymers of many monosaccharides
(can be 1,000’s) linked together

10. 1a. storage polysaccharide of plants = STARCH
POLYSACCHARIDES
STORAGE & STRUCTURAL
1a. storage polysaccharide of plants =
STARCH
plants make glucose in the sunny summer 
store some for winter by linking many
glucose molecules together to form starch
plants also fill their seeds with starch to
help new plant get started:
rice, corn, wheat

11. 1b. storage polysaccharide of animals = glycogen
also made of many glucose molecules linked together
eat a meal  sugar in  need to store some 
convert to glycogen where it is stored in muscle
and liver cells until we need it
“ carbo loading” before race

12. 2a. structural polysaccharide of plants = cellulose
makes up plant cell walls
cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet
made of many glucose molecules linked together
can animals digest starch??
cellulose??
cellulose = FIBER

13. starch and
cellulose:
made of the
same thing,
but differ in
how the
monomers are
linked together

14. so… if animals can’t digest cellulose,
what are cows & termites wasting
all their time for?
they have specialized, symbiotic gut bacteria that break down the cellulose

15. 2b. structural polysaccharide of animals =
chitin
forms the exoskeleton of insects, mollusks, and fungi

16. Fat- has one, two, or three fatty acids attached
LIPIDS
Fats vs. Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid- a hydrocarbon chain with as many as 36 carbon atoms and a carboxyl group at one end
Fat- has one, two, or three fatty acids attached
to a glycerol molecule.

17. Fatty Acids can be… OH OH C=O C=O animals make: H-C-H saturated fats
DOUBLE BONDS CAUSE “KINKS”
animals make:
saturated fats
“saturated
with
hydrogens”
plants make:
unsaturated fats

19. monounsaturated fatty acids- unsaturated at one site (one double bond)
these are liquid at room temp but solid when refrigerated
ex. avocado oil, olive oil, peanut oil
polyunsaturated fatty acids- unsaturated at multiple sites
these are liquid at room temp and refrigerated
ex. safflower, sunflower, soybean, fish oil, walnuts
trans fatty acids (trans fats)- formed when unsaturated fats are partially hydrogenated (“partially hydrogenated soybean oil”)
Raise LDL (bad) and lower HDL (good) cholesterol- bad for your health!

20. Found in high concentrations of fish oil, flax seeds
Omega- 3 fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids with a double bond at the 3rd space from the end of the “tail”
Found in high concentrations of fish oil, flax seeds
Important in brain and eye development, cardiovascular health, and some evidence that it prevents some cancers

21. What makes fats go bad?
Fatty acid molecules smell and taste bad on their own- when they break off from their triglyceride (through hydrolysis)- they cause fat to become rancid.

22. Fats generally get a pretty bad rap, but….
they are very important to life
1. per gram, fat yields over 2X the E as carbs
2. animals store E with fat  important to
animals that can’t find food in the winter
3. fats are important in cusioning our organs
4. act as insulators to keep organisms warm
e.g. whales, seals, penguins
5. fats are precursors to many important
compounds in our bodies:
cholesterol  estrogen, testosterone, vit D
& make up our cell membranes

23. FIRST QUIZ
Lectures 1, 2, & 3