1. This postcard shows a warm coastal climate.

2. Classifying Climates
How is climate different from weather?
Climate is a description of the pattern of weather over many years.
The two main factors that determine a region’s climate are temperature and precipitation.

3. Classifying Climates
Climate is the long-term weather conditions of a place or region.
Climate includes average weather conditions as well as how weather varies over time.

4. Classifying Climates
Scientists divide the world’s climates into six major climate groups. Those groups are
tropical
temperate marine
temperate continental
polar
dry
highlands

5. Classifying Climates
One of the six major groups, the dry climates, is determined mainly by precipitation.
Another group, the highland climates, is determined mainly by elevation.
The four remaining groups are determined mostly on the basis of temperature.

6. Classifying Climates

7. Factors Affecting Temperature
What factors determine the climate of a region?
Factors that affect a region’s temperature include its latitude, distance from large bodies of water, ocean currents, and altitude.

8. Factors Affecting Temperature
The latitude of a region is perhaps the most important factor affecting temperature.
Places at the same latitude experience the same seasonal changes in solar radiation.

9. Factors Affecting Temperature
Another important factor affecting the temperature of a region is its distance from a large body of water.
The air above large bodies of water has much less variation in temperature than the air over land.
The moderating effects of water are felt in coastal regions.
The temperature of coastal regions is also influenced by nearby ocean currents.

10. Factors Affecting Temperature
Areas that are high above sea level have lower average temperatures than areas at the same latitude closer to sea level.

11. Factors Affecting Temperature
Giraffes inhabit the grasslands near Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Although Mount Kilimanjaro is near the equator, its top is covered by snow all year because of its high altitude.

12. Factors Affecting Precipitation
What factors determine the climate of a region?
Factors that affect a region’s precipitation include its latitude, the distribution of air pressure systems and global winds, and the existence of a mountain barrier.

13. Factors Affecting Precipitation
The warm air over the equator usually contains more moisture than the cold air over the poles.
Precipitation is generally higher near the equator than near the poles.

14. Factors Affecting Precipitation
A desert is an extremely dry region, receiving less than 25 centimeters of rain per year.
Deserts may be hot or cold.
Many deserts receive almost no rain because they are located within high-pressure belts. A series of deserts can be found around 30° north and south of the equator.

15. Factors Affecting Precipitation
The direction of prevailing winds can play an important role in the amount of precipitation a region receives.
A coastal region where the wind generally blows from the ocean onto land will receive a large amount of precipitation.
If prevailing winds blow from the land toward the ocean, the region will receive much less precipitation.

16. Factors Affecting Precipitation
The very dry high plains of western North America are the result of a mountain barrier.
The moist air from the Pacific Ocean loses its moisture as it rises over the mountains of the West.
As the air rises, it cools and its water vapor condenses.
Rain or snow falls on the ocean side of the mountains.
The air that reaches the far side of the mountains is much drier.

17. Factors Affecting Precipitation
A mountain range can form a barrier to the movement of humid air.

18. Natural Climate Change
How has Earth’s climate changed over time?
Climates change over the long term, and they vary somewhat over the short term.

19. Natural Climate Change
Natural forces cause climates to change.
Scientists are also concerned that human activities may cause changes in the world’s climates.

20. Natural Climate Change
Ice Ages
Glaciers once covered much of North America.
Ice ages were periods when climates were colder than usual and glaciers covered a large portion of Earth’s surface.
Possible causes of ice ages include variations in Earth’s orbit around the sun, changes in the angle of Earth’s axis, and global levels of volcanic activity.

21. Natural Climate Change
Glaciers covered much of North America in the past. The rock in the front shows deep scratches made by a glacier.

22. Natural Climate Change
El Niño
There are short-term natural variations in climate patterns.
El Niño, the periodic warming of water in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, happens every three to eight years.
A deep cold-water current flows northward along the Pacific coast of South America.

23. Natural Climate Change
The water rises to the surface near Peru, and a strong current moves the water west across the Pacific.
The temperature of these currents affects the atmosphere above the ocean and, therefore, the weather in that part of the world.
Every few years, for reasons that are not well understood, conditions change.

24. Natural Climate Change
The normal direction of winds changes, causing ocean surface currents to shift direction.
During some El Niño years, these changes have caused abnormal weather patterns in many parts of the world.

25. Global Warming
How can human activities affect Earth’s climate?
One cause of climate change is the addition of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

26. Human activities may also change climate over time.
Global Warming
Human activities may also change climate over time.
The burning of fossil fuels such as coal releases large quantities of carbon dioxide into the air.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the gases that absorb radiation from Earth’s surface.
This process, known as the greenhouse effect, keeps the troposphere at normal temperatures.

27. Global Warming
The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased.
Evidence suggests an greater amounts of CO2 will increase the greenhouse effect and cause the temperature of the atmosphere to rise, a process called global warming.

28. The effects of global warming are widespread.
Sea level rises as water in the oceans heats and expands and glaciers melt.
A continued rise in sea level will flood low-lying regions.
Other regions may be at greater risk of drought or more frequent and violent storms.

29. Global Warming
Energy conservation and a greater reliance on solar, nuclear, or geothermal power would reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released.
This might reduce or delay global warming.
The issue of global warming will be an important topic for science and public policy for decades to come.

30. Global Warming
Carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles, power plants, and other sources may contribute to global warming.

31. Climate is mainly determined by a region’s
Assessment Questions
Climate is mainly determined by a region’s
air pressure and humidity.
latitude and winds.
temperature and precipitation.
temperature and air pressure.

32. Climate is mainly determined by a region’s
Assessment Questions
Climate is mainly determined by a region’s
air pressure and humidity.
latitude and winds.
temperature and precipitation.
temperature and air pressure. ANS: C

33. The addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere may cause
Assessment Questions
The addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere may cause
global warming.
monsoons.
an ice age.
El Niño.

34. The addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere may cause
Assessment Questions
The addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere may cause
global warming.
monsoons.
an ice age.
El Niño. ANS: C