1. Partitions Compartmentation One area of a building is separated from another by the use of fire rated materials System that creates self contained areas within a building

2. Definitions Assembly, Construction The number of building materials used together to create a structure element Assembly, Fire Rated Refers to all the parts that make up a rated assembly Damper Device to restrict passage of flames in duct systems Fire Barrier Continuous fire rated assembly (either vertical or horizontal).

3. Definitions, Con’t Fire Blocking Materials installed to resist the passage of fire to other areas of the building through concealed spaces. Fire resistance Prevention or retarding the passage of excessive heat, hot gases, or flame. Resistance to fire exposure in hours or fraction of an hour. Firestop Assembly to prevent spread of flame through penetrations in fire resistive assemblies Smoke Barrier Continuous membrane (either vertical or horizontal) that restricts movement of smoke

4. Fire Barriers The Actual Fire Rating Of The Wall Depends On:  The occupancy classification  The location of the wall  Sprinkler status

5. Fire Barriers, con’t Three Types Fire Walls Highest fire ratings Usually part of building shell Party walls and occupancy separation walls Fire Separation Walls – Tenet separation walls Corridor separation walls Room separation Walls Floor/ Ceiling Assemblies Determined by construction type or occupancy classification

6. Fire Barriers, con’t Fire Walls Provide continuous fire protection from the foundation to the roof Construction on one side is separated from failure of other side The most common rating – 3 to 4 hours Can be affected by occupancy classification

8. Fire Barriers, con’t Occupancy Separation Walls May be used to separate different uses in the same occupancy Typically separation walls must have a 1 to 2 hr fire rating Use the higher rating between different occupancies

9. Fire Barriers, con’t Tenant separation Walls Demising walls separate two tenants with the same occupancy The most common rating is 1 hr. Corridor Walls Typically corridors used as exits, such as exit passageways must have a 2 hr. Corridors used as exit accesses – 1 hr Horizontal Exits Occupants are not expected to leave the building but to pass to the other side of a fire wall to an area of refuge. 2 hr.

10. Fire Barriers, con’t Vertical Shaft Enclosures Determined by the number of floors it penetrates Walls are usually continuous from bottom of the building to the underside of the roof deck. Typically – 1 hr if three stories or less 2hr rating if four or more stories. An exit access stair may require a fire rated enclosure if it connects more than two floors There is a limit to the number of elevators in a single shaft to two to four Room Separation Contents of room may be considered hazardous Boiler, furnace, large storage rooms

11. Smoke Barriers Consists of either a wall assembly or a full enclosure Limited openings are allowed Additional mechanical functions are required – ventilation and air circulation

12. Smoke Barriers, con’t Smoke Buoyancy – increases with heat – forced upward Expansion – Gases create pressure HVAC – Transport and air supply Stack Effect – Cold outside – forced up Warm – forced down

13. Smoke Barriers, con’t Wall Assemblies Continuous from outside wall to outside wall Areas created are considered a smoke compartment – area of refuge Other requirements Specific swing type doors Automatic release door closures Smoke dampers at the mechanical ducts

14. Smoke Barriers, con’t Vertical Shafts Smoke proof required if a building is over a certain height All doors must automatically close on the detection of smoke Smoke Stop Door is required as well

15. Through Penetration Protectives Firestops, Draftstops and Fire Dampers Firestops Seal and Protect any opening created by penetrations Conduit, Pipes, HVAC, Cables LSC require the use of listed and approved firestops and smoke barriers Firestop device Endothermic – release water when exposed Intumescent – Expands in volume when exposed – sealing the gap Draftstop Create separate spaces or areas to prevent movement of air

16. Through Penetration Protectives Firestops, Draftstops and Fire Dampers Damper Systems Also considered a smoke barrier Two kinds Static – shuts down during a fire Dynamic – remains in operation during a fire to control air flow Fire Dampers Installed whenever there is a wall penetration Rating – 1-1/2 to 3 hours Smoke Dampers Activated specifically by the presence of smoke Ceiling Dampers Prevent heat from entering the space between the ceiling and the floor or roof above Closes when heated air moves through

17. Rated Materials Underwriters Laboratories Fire resistance Directory, Vol 1 Beams, columns, floors, roofs, and penetrations Fire resistance Directory, Vol II Through penetration firestop system

18. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions New Products Gypsum and fiber from recycled paper Use Studs Over furring Suspended ceilings

19. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Gypsum Wallboard Panels 4 and 4-1/2 Ft (1200 and 1372) wide 8,10,12,14 ft (2400, 3000, 3600, 4200mm) long ¼, 3/8, ½, 5/8, ¾ (6.4, 9.5, 12.7, 15.9, 19mm) thick 5/8” (16mm)Commercial and high quality residential ½” (12.7mm) Common residential 3/8” (9.5) – used for double layer applications and remodeling work ¼” (6.4) – used for curved surfaces Components

21. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Gypsum Wallboard, con’t Double layers used for fire resistance and acoustic benefits Most common form has tapered edges – allows for reinforcement tape and joint compound Fire rated Gypsum Wallboard Type X Must be used for fire rated applications Components

23. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Gypsum Wallboard, con’t Water Resistant Wallboard Backing for adhesive applied ceramic tile Areas where wallboard may be exposed to moisture during construction Better to use Portland cement plaster setting bed or other cementitious panel products Foil Backed Wallboard Vapor barrier to prevent transmission of water vapor to the exterior wall and ceiling spaces Pre- finished Wallboard Used with demountable partition systems Exposed vertical joint or covered with proprietary trim Components

24. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Framing Wood Residential or small commercial Can double as load bearing wall Common – 2x4 (actual – 1-1/2x 3-1/2” – 38.1 x 88.9mm) Spaced 16” or 24” on center (406, 610) 16” is more common in commercial construction Components

25. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Framing, con’t Metal Usually nonbearing walls Can be load bearing if heavy gage studs are used (Requires calculation by structural engineer) Components

26. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Framing, con’t Metal, con’t Size Thickness 25 gage – most common 22 gage – used for very tall partitions 12, 14, 16, 18 gage for structural steel studs Depths Determined by height of partition Most common is 2-1/2” (63.5) and 3-1/2” (92.1) 2-1/2” adequate for normal ceiling heights of 8-10’ 1-5/8”, 2-1/2”, 3-5/8”, 4, and 6”(41.3, 63.5, 92.1, 101.6, 152.4mm) Width Varies slightly around 1-1/4” (32mm) Components

28. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Framing, con’t Metal, con’t 16 or 24 inch on center (406, 610) 24 inch is more common for non load bearing partitions Runners on floor and ceiling “C” shaped Attached with self tapping screws Special framing shapes for application from one side as needed for wall liners in stairways, elevators, and dumbwaiters. H shaped studs are used for area separation walls to provide firebreak between apartments or condos Components

30. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Wood and Metal furring Usually placed 16 or 24 inch on center (406, 610) Base for attachment to one side of construction Wood 1x2 (3/4 x 2-1/2) (19.1x38.1) Metal Hat channel is most common Resilient channel – for acoustic application requirements Z-furring – accommodate electrical conduit, switch boxes and insulation Components

32. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Trim Standard – 6 common shapes Corner bead trim LC bead trim Used where edge of wallboard is exposed Needs to be installed before wallboard L- bead trim Similar to LC but may be installed after wallboard U trim Does not require finishing – esthetic concern LK Trim Similar to LC trim – fits into slot of frame Control joints Used at distances of 50 ft Components

33. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Trim, con’t Proprietary Trim Usually extruded aluminum Large curved corners Reveals Components

35. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Finishing Reinforcing tape Joint Compound Tape used in process of finishing joints Placed in joint compound Usually three layers of compound to finish joint treatment Three layers are usually used for nail or screw holes Finishes Textured coatings Hides minor surface imperfections Orange peel Knock Down Components

36. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Finishing, con’t Standard Types Level 0 No taping Level 1 Tape imbedded – free of excess compound Level 2 Level 1 with a separate layer of joint compound as well Use for substrate for ceramic tile Level 3 Level 2 plus another compound coat Used anywhere wherever medium or heavy textured surface is applied Used where heavy wall covering is to be applied Components

37. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Finishing, con’t Standard Types, con’t Level 4 Three coats of joint compound Used for light textured wall covering is to be applied Economic concerns Do not use gloss paint Level 5 Level 4 with the addition of a skim coat over entire surface Severe lighting conditions and gloss paint situations Components

38. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Gypsum is inherently fire resistant Density makes gyp a good material for fire resistance Ratings 1, 2, 3, 4 hour rating requirements Established by independent testing laboratories Standard fire tests Used to protect columns, beams, and other building components Fire and Sound Ratings

39. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Ratings, con’t One hour partitions Separating lease corridors from lease space Separating houses from attached garages Separating one type of occupancy from another Two hour Partitions Enclose vertical shafts Stairways Elevators Some types of occupancy require 3-4 hour separation Sound ratings Determined by STC requirements Fire and Sound Ratings

40. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Typical Residential Partition 2x4, 16 to 24” OC ¼ to ½” gap at the floor hidden by the baseboard Typical partition construction

42. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Non-rated Commercial Construction LC trim used at ceiling Runners for ceiling and floor 5/8” (15.9) in most cases – 24” (610) OC ½” (12.7) – 16” (406) OC 2-1/2” (63.5) for ceiling heights of 8 – 10 Feet (2438, 2743) 3-5/8” (92.1) when additional dimension is required for mechanical, electrical systems. Typical partition construction

44. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Non-rated Commercial Construction, con’t Most contractors will apply horizontally:  Fewer joints  Convenient  Ties more studs together  Strongest dimension across the studs Typical partition construction

45. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions 1 Hour Rated Fire rated sealant Slip joint at ceiling – note this is in the plenum space so finishing is not a concern Fire rated wallboard – type X Attached to fire rated ceiling and floor assemblies All joints edges and penetrations must be sealed Electrical boxes may be placed but are limited – one box on one side in each space between studs. Fluted metal deck – must be sealed Typical partition construction

47. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions 2 Hour Rated Required around vertical enclosures Slip joint at ceiling Fire rated sealant at ceiling and floor Two layers of 5/8” (16) type X gyp on both sides Or ¾” single type X gyp Typical partition construction

50. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Chase Walls Double row of studs Provides space for plumbing May be used for recessing for large elements Typical partition construction

53. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Special Partition Construction Acoustical partition design Single row of studs Adding more layers of wallboard. Use resilient channels Use batt insulation in the stud cavity High attenuation partitions Usually double row of studs Note proprietary shaped studs held ½” (13) above “floor angle” Need to verify compliance Small “leak” can make a significant difference Typical partition construction

56. Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Special Partition Construction Support for Hanging heavy loads Blocking must be shown on the drawings when heavy loads are involved Partition Anchoring Partitions that are built to the suspended acoustical ceiling Need to indicate additional bracing above the ceiling to the structural floor above. – especially if heavy loads are to be “hung” on the partition. Called “kickers” Usually metal studs screwed to the runner Typical partition construction

57. Lath and Plaster - The most common wall finish prior to the introduction of drywall. Thin wood strips (lath) were nailed onto the framing as a base for the sand/lime plaster (see diagram). Advantages Form multiple curves High abrasion resistance Water resistant if Portland cement is used Lath And Plaster Partitions

58. Components Material Combination of gypsum, Portland cement, lime, water, aggregates of sand, vermiculite, or perlite Portland cement is used where wetting, steam, or severe dampness is expected. Plaster Where extreme abrasion resistance is needed – Keene’s cement is used Dehydrated gyp and lime putty Texture is created through the incorporation of sand Fresco – Painting of freshly spread plaster before it sets Lath And Plaster Partitions

59. Standard lath Traditional Several coats over some type of open lath Lath is attached to the studs Lath types Diamond mesh lath Attached to studs using metal ties Used for complex double curves There is a self furring type to be used over old surfaces Lath And Plaster Partitions

60. Standard lath, con’t Lath types, con’t Flat rib metal lath More rigid Use for flat ceiling where greater rigidity is needed Rib metal lath Used for studless solid partitions – for use in widely spaced framing Rib metal lath Used for studless solid partitions – for use in widely spaced framing Lath And Plaster Partitions

61. Gypsum lath Used for veneer plaster installations Blueboard Can be fire rated Lath And Plaster Partitions

62. Gypsum lath Trim Similar to that used for wallboard construction. Lath And Plaster Partitions

63. Gypsum lath Construction Codes do address use of Plaster – requirements for mixing, frame spacing, types, and application. Applied in three coats Scratch coat ½” (12) roughened to attach next coat Brown coat ¼” (6) Finish Coat 1/8” (3) Lath And Plaster Partitions

64. Construction, con’t Advantages – gypsum lath Faster and less expensive to construct Provides a hard surface Not as much moisture involved in environment Disadvantage – gypsum lath Not appropriate as base around in wet areas – Use standard lath for this or cement backing boards (residential) Stud spacing – gypsum lath Usually 16” (406) Lath And Plaster Partitions

65. Construction, con’t Glass Reinforced Gypsum (GRG) Used for decorative elements Molds are cast No lath Lath And Plaster Partitions