1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Education, Science and Technology Chapter 5 Education, Science and Technology This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Myth or Fact?  People need more education today than in former times because today’s jobs are more complicated and the technology more sophisticated.  A recent report argued that U.S. schools are more racially segregated than they were 30 years ago, due largely to persisting segregation in housing. MythFact

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Growth of Education and Technology  Modernization  is the economic, social, and cultural changes that occur when a pre-industrial society makes the transition to an advanced industrial society.  Two parts of society that play a key role in the process of modernization  Educational institutions  Science and technology

4. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Education  Education  The systematic, formal process through which specialized teachers transmit skills, knowledge, and values to students.

5. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Science and Technology  Science  The process of using systematic observation to gain knowledge about the physical and social world.  Technology  The knowledge, tools, and practices that use science or other organized knowledge to achieve some practical goal.  The knowledge, tools, and practices that use science or other organized knowledge to achieve some practical goal.

6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Mechanization  Dominant in an agricultural society, the use of tools to accomplish tasks previously done by hand.

7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Automation  Dominant in an industrial society, the replacement of human labor with machinery and equipment that is self- operating.

8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cybernation  Dominant in a postindustrial society; the use of machines or computers to control other machines.

9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. The Functionalist Perspective  Educational institutions become social problems when they do not perform their proper functions, such as training people in specific skills, instilling important cultural values, and placing people in various positions in society.  Problems associated with science and technology have to do with the social disorganization that results when some parts of society do not adapt sufficiently quickly to changes that are occurring.

11. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Functionalist Perspective  Cultural lag  a gap between the point at which one part of the social system changes and the other parts adjust to compensate for the change  Example of cultural lag  Factory worker safety

12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Conflict Perspective  Schools become a social problem when influential groups believe that they are not getting what they deserve from education  Science and technology are problems when some groups use scientific and technological developments to their advantage whereas other groups are hurt by them.

13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Interactionist Perspective  Education becomes a social problem when it produces stigmatizing results, lowering students’ self-esteem and making educational success more difficult to achieve.  Science and technology become problems when they acquire more negative meanings than positive ones.

14. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Problems in Education  Most of the problems in education have to do with the tendency of the educational system to protect the advantaged while not providing opportunities for the disadvantaged, thus contributing to social reproduction.

15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Problems in Education  The Credentials Race  Occurs because some groups have vested interest in placing greater emphasis on the importance of educational degrees  Tracking (ability grouping)  Is often done on the basis of stereotypes about social class and race; racism may influence the outcome  Effectiveness, Low Performance and Dropouts  U.S. performance on standardized tests has dropped and the U.S. has an unacceptably large high school dropout rate

18. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Self-fulfilling Prophecy Rosenthal and Jacobson experiment:  Five random elementary school students were labeled as having superior intelligence and ability.  Teachers expected them to do well and treated them in a way that encouraged better school performance.

19. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosenthal and Jacobson Experiment  Robert Rosenthal and Leonore Jacobson gave an intelligence test to all of the students at an elementary school at the beginning of the school year  They then selected 20 percent of the students at random - without any regard to their intelligence test results - and told the teachers that these students could be expected to "bloom" or "spurt" in their academics that year  At the end of the year, they came back and re- tested all the students.

20. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosenthal and Jacobson Experiment

21. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

22. Reasons for Lower Educational Achievement  Low-income parents are less likely to expect their children to go to college.  Low-income parents are less likely to be involved with child’s education.  Low-income parents are often themselves low academic achievers.

23. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Problems in Education  Segregation  Schools in the U.S. tend to be highly segregated along the lines of social class and race, despite efforts to integrate.  Factors that lead to segregated schools  Segregated housing patterns  Court decisions that have freed school districts from desegregation orders  A public that is indifferent to the desirability of integrated schools  Affluent families are more likely to move in order to find a good school for their children or to send them to private schools

24. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Revenues for Public Elementary and Secondary Education: 2002–2003

25. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Problems in Education  Violence in schools  A product of youthful exuberance and routine conflicts as adolescents deal with maturation  Reflect the larger society which experiences high levels of crime, drugs and gun possession

26. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Violence in the Schools  In the 2006–2007 school year there were 56 million students enrolled in primary and secondary schools.  During the same time period there were 21 school-related homicides and 7 suicides—one homicide or suicide per 2 million students between the ages of 5 and 18.  In 2007, there were 1.4 million nonfatal crimes committed against 12- to 18-year-olds, with the most common, 62%, being theft.

27. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Bullying  Inherent in a relationship between individuals, groups, or individuals and groups, bullying entails an imbalance of power that exists over a long period of time in which the more powerful intimidate or belittle others.

28. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cyberbullying  The use of electronic devices (e.g. websites, e-mail, instant messaging, text messaging) to send or post negative or hurtful messages or images about an individual or a group.

29. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Violence in the Schools  Students at school between the ages of 12 and 18 were the victims of 1.9 million crimes in 2002.  Theft accounts for 64% of the total crimes against students.  Annually, on the basis of a 5 year average, teachers were the victims of approximately 90,000 violent crimes, including rape, sexual assault, aggravated and simple assault, and robbery.

30. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Problems in Science and Technology Technological developments have led to fears and problems  Unemployment  Alienation  Loss of control  Loss of privacy

31. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Deskilling  Labor requires less thought than before and gives workers fewer decisions to make.  Up-skilling  Reduces alienation as employees find their work more meaningful, and have greater decision-making powers as information becomes less centralized.

32. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Alienation  Alienation  A feeling that one is powerless to control one’s surroundings and that what one does has little value or meaning.  A separation from the end product of one’s labor.

33. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Loss of Privacy  Modern technology opens the door for intrusion into people’s lives in massive ways.  Tracking internet usage  Computer storage of personal data  Identity theft

34. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Case of Genetic Engineering  Biotechnology  The use of organisms or parts of organisms to make products or carry out tasks  Based on the identification of DNA  genetic engineering  gene splicing  Problems with Biotechnology  Potentially unpredictable consequences  Cloning and altering genes

35. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Future Prospects for Education  A number of reforms have been proposed for schools  parental choice and charter schools  back to basics curricula  early childhood interventions  school integration  better communities and families

36. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Future Prospects for Science and Technology  How can we live with and control the negative consequences of technology?  Legal protections  Appropriate technology  Technology assessment  Futurology