1. The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789 – 1815)

2. The French Revolution Begins

3. The French Revolution Begins
Background to the Revolution
France’s Three Estates
Estates
First Estate – Clergy
Divided:
Higher clergy
Parish priests
Second Estate – Nobles
Played a crucial role in France
Held leading positions
Wealth (Nobles and Clergy)
Taille
Third Estate – Everyone else
Peasants
Middle class or Bourgeoisie
Unhappy
Nobles by appointment
Louis XVI
Urban craftspeople, shopkeepers, and workers

4. The French Revolution Begins
Financial Crisis
Collapse of the French budget
Had been growing for 50 years:
Bad harvests
Slowdown in manufacturing
Kings
Americans
Louis XVI
Estates-General
1614

5. The French Revolution Begins
From Estates-General to National Assembly
Louis XVI
Versailles
First two Estates
Third Estate
Constitutional government
Problems from the start:
Voting
The king
June 17, 1789
National assembly and a constitution

6. The French Revolution Begins
Three days later the Deputies of the 3rd Estate
Tennis Court Oath
Louis XVI
July 14, 1789
Parisians
Bastille
French Guard
Paris
Revolts will begin to break out all over France
The Great Fear
Peasant

7. The French Revolution Begins
End of the Old Regime
Declaration of the Rights of Man
The National Assembly
August 14, 1789
August 26, 1789
and Citizen
Enlightenment ideals:
All men were free and
equal before the law
Appointment to public office
Exempt from taxation
Freedom of speech and press
Should these rights include women?

8. The French Revolution Begins
Olympe de Gouges
“The Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen”
The King Concedes
October 5, 1789
Parisian women
National Assemblies decrees
The king
October 6, 1789
the king and his family will
return to Paris
Prisoners in Paris

9. The French Revolution Begins
Church Reform
New Revolutionary Government
Sell off church lands
Under the control of the state
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Catholics were anti-revolution
New Constitution and New Fears
Constitution of 1791
Limited Monarchy
Legislative Body
“Active Citizens”
“Passive citizens”
Local governments

10. The French Revolution Begins
1791
Louis XVI
June 1791
The king and
his family
Varennes
October 1791

11. The French Revolution Begins
War with Austria
European leaders
Austria and Prussia
Legislative Assembly
Rise of the Paris Commune
Spring of 1792
August 1792
Paris radicals
Commune
Members of the Paris Commune
King
National Convention
Universal Male Suffrage
San-culottes

12. Radical Revolution and Reaction

13. Radical Revolution and Reaction
The Move to Radicalism
Louis XVI
Unrest
August 1792
The Minister of Justice Georges Danton
National Convention
September Massacres
Jean-Paul Marat
Friend of the People
Jacobin condemned the Girondins
Drinker of Blood
Charlotte Corday, a Girondin
Jacques- Louis David “The Death of Marat”
The First Republic
September 1792
Newly elected National Convention
Ruling body of France
September 21, The French Republic

14. Radical Revolution and Reaction
The Fate of the King
Political clubs
Girondins
The Mountain
Jacobins Club
Louis XVI
January 1793
Guillotine
Crisis and Response
Disputes
The Paris Commune
Riots
Coalition of forces
Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, and the Dutch Republic
Committee of Public Safety
George Danton and Maximilian Robespierre

15. Radical Revolution and Reaction
The Reign of Terror
Crushing Rebellion
– Committee on Public Safety
Reign of Terror
Maximilian Robespierre
Revolutionary Courts
Guillotine
Marie Antoinette
Olympe de Gouges
Revolutionary Armies
Grapeshot
Nantes

16. Radical Revolution and Reaction
“Show them no mercy”
  The Republic of Virtue
Maximilian Robespierre
Titles changed
Women
Good citizens
Law abolishing slavery
Control inflation
Revolutionary Republican Women
De-Christianization
Adopted a new calendar
September 22, 1792
12 months
Months were given new names
Example: Vendemiarie – September
Huge impact on religion

17. Radical Revolution and Reaction
A Nation in Arms
Rise of the Revolutionary Army
1794
People’s Army
End of the Terror
Summer of Robespierre
June 1794 – Law of 22 Prairial
July 28, 1794
The Directory
National Convention
Committee on Public Safety
Churches
New constitution
The constitution of 1795
Bicameral legislature
Lower House – Council of 500
Upper House – Council of Elders
Electors – qualified voters
Committee of 5 – called the Directory
The Directory – 1795 – 1799
1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte toppled the Directory in a Coup d’état

18. The Age of Napoleon

19. The Age of Napoleon The Rise of Napoleon Early Life
A child of the revolution
Born 1769 in Corsica
Commissioned as a lieutenant in the French Army
Military Successes
Captain
Brigadier General
French armies in Italy
Speed, surprise, and decisive action
Northern Italy
1797
Invasion of Britain
Egypt
British Navy

20. The Age of Napoleon Consul and Emperor 1799 – Coup d’état
The Consulate
First Counsel
1802 – Consul for Life
1804 – Emperor
Napoleon’s Domestic Policies
Peace with the Church
Gains of the revolution
Catholic Church
A man of the enlightenment
1801 – agreement with the Pope
Codification of Laws
Over 300 different legal systems
Napoleon will make one legal system:
Seven Law codes were created
Civil Code – Napoleonic Code – 1804
The principles that the revolutionaries
Women and children
“Less equal to men”
Property
Court
Divorce proceedings

21. The Age of Napoleon A New Bureaucracy
Strong centralized administration
Bureaucracy of capable officials
Middle Class
Aristocracy based on meritorious service
New nobles
Preserver of the Revolution?
All citizens were equal before the law and the opening of government careers
On the other hand:
Liberty
Anne-Louise-Germaine de Stael
Napoleon’s Empire
Building the Empire
European Coalition – Russia, Great Britain, and Austria
Britain
Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Prussia
Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena, and Eylau from 1805 to 1807
From 1807 to 1812 Napoleon will be the master of Europe
Empire was composed of three parts:
The French Empire
Dependent States
Allied States

23. The Age of Napoleon Spreading the Principles of the Revolution
Legal equality, religious toleration, and economic freedom
Equality – of opportunity and before the law
Britain’s Resistance
Sea power
1805 –Trafalgar
Continental system
Weakening the British economically
Will fail
1810
Nationalism
The sense of unique identity of a people based on language, religion, and national symbols
The Germanies, Spain, Poland, and Italy arousing new ideas of nationalism in two ways:
United in their hatred of the invaders
The power and strength of national feeling

24. The Age of Napoleon The Fall of Napoleon Disaster in Russia
Continental system
June 1812 – the Grand Army
“Scorched Earth Policy”
Battle of Borodino
Moscow
“the Great Retreat”
March of 1814
Napoleon
Island of Elba
Louis XVIII
The Final Defeat
Napoleon - escape from Elba
“ Soldiers of the 5th regiment, I am your emperor…. If there is a man among you (who) would kill his emperor, here I am!”
“ Vive, l’Empereur”
March 20, 1815
Russia, Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia
At Waterloo – Belgium – June 18, Duke of Wellington
St. Helena
1821