1. Chapter 2: Interactions in Ecosystems pg. 32

2. 2.1 Types of Interactions p. 34 Symbiosis: -is a biological relationship in which two species live closely together over time. -Helps each species survive by providing food, shelter and protection. -3 types of relationships exist: a.Parasitism b.Mutualism c.Commensalism

5. a. Parasitism One partner is called the “host” and the other a “parasite”. Host is usually bigger and is harmed Host does not usually die but their lifespan may be shortened. Parasite obtains food and shelter from host and benefits. Parasites can be internal or external.

6. Internal Parasites Live inside bodies of hosts May stay a long time. Ex. Tapeworms, roundworms

7. External Parasites Live on the surface of hosts May stay a short time to feed and reproduce

14. b. Mutualism Both partners benefit Ex. Lichens, bees and flowers, termites

15. lichens Grow on solid surfaces like rocks and trees Consist of an algae and a fungus living together

16. Lichens Algae makes sugar just like plants which is food for both Fungus anchors both organisms to a surface and absorbs water needed by both

17. Insects and flowers Insects carry pollen away and help reproduction Flower provides food (nectar) to the insects

18. mutualism Bacteria living inside humans Birds living on zebras and rhinos Algae living on backs of spider crabs Microorganisms living in the gut of termites Sea anemones and hermit crabs

19. c. Commensalism One partner benefits and the other does not gain or lose anything.

20. Ex. Barnacles on the back of a whale

21. Ex. Birds follow army ants

22. Birds riding on water buffalo

23. Food and Populations pg. 37 Symbiosis helps an organism survive because it provides: ______________ Predators –are organisms that hunt and kill their food –Are carnivores or meat eaters –Ex. ______________________________

25. Cont’d… Prey - are organisms that are hunted and killed for prey. - ex._____________________________

26. Predator-Prey Relationships often show changes in the size of each population that repeats in a cycle. size of predator population is affected by the number of prey that are available size of predator population is affected by the number of prey hunting them

28. Lynx- Hare Populations

29. 2.2 Roles of Organisms in Ecosystems (Niche) Producer Organisms that make their own food through a process called photosynthesis. Ex. Plants, algae, some bacteria Consumer Organisms that get their food by eating other organisms a. Herbivores b. Carnivores c. Omnivores d. Scavengers e. Decomposers

32. Photosynthesis – Producers/Autotrophs

35. Bacteria – algae that live ina pond

36. Plants – over 300 000 species on Earth

37. Diatoms – plankton live in the ocean

38. Types of Consumers a.Herbivores - eat only plants ex.

40. b. carnivores Hunt and eat other animals Ex.

41. c. omnivores Eat both plants and animals

43. d. scavengers Eat remains of dead plants and animals Ex. Seagulls, crows, blackbears, raven, hawk, eagle

44. e. decomposers Do not ingest food Release digestive juices to the environment which break down remains of dead organisms and waste Absorb the digested from back in Ex. Bacteria, fungus, insects

47. Decomposers and Food pg. 43 Food can be protected from decomposers by: 1.Keeping microorganisms out of it. (bacteria, fungus, ) a.Vacuum packed products b.Caning c.Sealed plastic bags and containers d.Freezing e.Freeze Drying f.Salting and pickling

48. Micro-organisms Need a source of food Need water Have a range of tolerance for temperature and ph

49. a. Vacuum Packed Products

50. b. Canning

51. c. Containers and bags

52. d. Freezing food

53. e. Freeze Drying

55. f. Salting food

56. Pickling food

57. 2. Killing or slowing growth of microorganisms already on it. a.Washing hands, utensils and countertops before handling food b.Washing food c.Cooking food well d.Radiation

58. Microbes Make Food – Fermentation (to bubble) Is a process carried out by microorganisms where they break down sugar and produce different kinds of waste products: 1.Lactic acid – stops growth of harmful bacteria, used to make dill pickles, sauerkraut, pickled cabbage, some sausages, cheese 2. Alcohol – used to make beer, wine

59. Cont’d 3. Carbon dioxide – used to make bread rise

60. Fermentation in beer

61. Fermentation in cheese

62. Fermentation in bread.

63. Food Webs

66. Energy Pyramid

68. 2.4: Cycles of Matter in Ecosystems Nutrients: -Are substances contained in food that are needed in small amounts by all living organisms -Are taken in from the environment by producers -Are transferred to consumers through a food chain/web -Are reused when living organisms die and are broken down by decomposers.

69. Cont’d… Ex. Minerals come from the soil Ex. Water Ex. Carbon comes from carbohydrates and carbon dioxide, Ex. nitrogen comes from protein

70. Nutrient Cycles Are processes that move nutrients back and forth between the biotic and abiotic parts of the ecosystem. Ex. Carbon – Oxygen Cycle Ex. Nitrogen Cycle Ex. Phosphorous Cycle