1. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… Getting Started Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Personality Development in Childhood and Adolescence This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… Getting Started Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Topics What Is Personality Development? Do Infants Have Personality? How Does the Young Child’s Personality Develop? What Are the Challenges of Middle Childhood? What Are Adolescents Doing?

3. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… What Is Personality Development? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Stage Theories Erik H. Erikson’s Stage Theory of Development Development is psychosocial: The person develops along paths expected by society –Early development is in the home. –Development as a youth must meet the expectations of schools and community groups –Later development in community, at work, with newly formed family Eight Stages of Development

4. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… What Is Personality Development? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Stage Theories Stages 1-3 of Erikson’s Eight Stages Stage and Age:PersonalSocial Trust—Basic Mistrust Infancy Infant explores securely or feels insecure and unsafe Family Autonomy—Shame and Doubt Ages 2-3 Toddler begins to control things around him/her, toilet training, feeding, etc. Family Initiative—Guilt 5-7 years Develop plans and goals within and outside the family; inte- grated within right and wrong Family

5. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… What Is Personality Development? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Stage Theories Stages 4 and 5 of Erikson’s Eight Stages Stage and Age:PersonalSocial Industry—Inferiority Middle School Age Becoming competent vs. feeling inertia Grade School Identity--Role Confusion Puberty Choosing school; friends; majors; vs. unable to choose Senior Year High School College

6. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… What Is Personality Development? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Stage Theories Stages 6 through 8 of Erikson’s Eight Stages Stage and Age:PersonalSocial Intimacy vs. Isolation Young Adulthod Forming intimate relationships versus existing alone and in isolation Occupations; organizations Generativity vs. Stagnation Adulthood Creation of a new family; contributing to society vs. repeating life on a day-to-day basis with little growth and giving Occupation; family Ego Integrity vs. Despair Maturity Positive sense of self as giving, productive vs. inability to accept his or her life Family; occupation; institutions

7. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… Do Infants Have a Personality? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach The Infant’s Challenge Buzzing, blooming confusion? Not hardly Facial recognition virtually from birth 6-10 weeks: Social smile 15-18 months: Self-recognition in mirror

8. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… Do Infants Have a Personality? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Infant Temperament Easy Child –Rhythmic in hunger, sleep-wake, excretion –Positive approach to others –Low or mild intensity of reactions –Positive mood Difficult Child –Irregular in hunger, sleep-wake, excretion –Withdrawal from others –High intensity of reactions –Negative mood

9. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… Do Infants Have a Personality? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Attachment Patterns Secure Attachment –Mother accurate and sympathetic about infant feeling –Infants enjoy mother; tolerate her absence –Mother is comforting, dependable figure Anxious Resistant Attachment –Mothers attend inconsistently to infant –Infants have difficulty tolerating being apart from mother –Infants are tentative at reunion; unsure –Mothers (and others) are unpredictable and not always comforting Anxious-Avoidant Attachment –Mothers seem uninterested in their infants, and rebuff them consistently –Infant does not seek out caretaker –Deny importance of contact

10. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… How Does the Young Child’s Personality Develop? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Self Concept 2 ½ - 5 years Infantile amnesia lifts –Children have no cognitive organization of memories before about 3 years of age –Now, sustained memories are laid down that form the basis of the person’s life story 3, 4, & 5 year-olds were ushered from a daycare center when a popcorn maker caught fire (Pillemer, Picariello & Pruett (1995). –7 years later, 4 & 5-year-olds clearly remembered the event –3 years old mistakenly recalled where they were

11. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… How Does the Young Child’s Personality Develop? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Changes in Temperament In Infancy, a “Big Three” of temperament are: –Positivity –Negativity, and –Cuddliness In Young Children, Self-Control replaces Cuddliness –Important in social interactions, meal-time, having friends, toilet training

12. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… How Does the Young Child’s Personality Develop? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Parents and the Family Context Styles of Parenting (modified from Maccoby & Martin, 1983) Nurturance Responsive, child-centered Rejecting, Parent-centered Control Demanding, High on control AuthoritativeAuthoritarian Undemanding, Low on control PermissiveUninvolved

13. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… How Does the Young Child’s Personality Develop? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Birth Order Sulloway (1996) –First-born children may identify most closely with parents –As they grow, tend to be more conservative and to uphold society as it stands –In one study: 83 scientist siblings (brothers, sisters, or brothers and sisters), Both on record regarding an innovative scientific theory First-borns supported innovation 50% of the time Later-borns supported innovation 85% of the time

14. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… What Are the Challenges of Middle Childhood? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Self Concept The child increasing focuses on life tasks –Doing well in school If industry fails, individual may feel inferior –Making friends If relationships fail, child may be victimized Begins thinking about adult relationships and occupations

15. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… What Are the Challenges of Middle Childhood? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Friendship Patterns Children rely very much on their friendships –Some children are far more socially skilled and have more successful relationships –Other children gradually become isolated This can be teased out in the “entry” situation, in which children are asked to join a dyad of children already at play. What will they do? –Skilled children take on roles relevant to the dyad: “Oh, you are superman and batman? I’ll be spiderman” –Unskilled children speak in unrelated terms: “Oh, okay, my mom is taking me to a restaurant today.”

16. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… What Are Adolescents Doing? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach With rapid physical maturation: –The child now looks much different –Often feels all eyes are on her or him –Reconcile inner and outer self –A new sense of identity emerges

17. PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV… What Are Adolescents Doing? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Establishing Identity Identity –Who one is –Group memberships –Beliefs that guide life Identity Crisis (Erik H. Erikson) –Inability to assemble an identity –Drifting –Possible serious psychological crisis Concept further developed by Marcia