1. Ch 29 The Great War

2. Marching Toward War
Sec 1

3. Rising Tensions in Europe
In 1914, Europe had largely been at peace for 40 years
While everything looked peaceful on the surface several gradual developments would ultimately lead to war

4. Rise of Nationalism Nationalism- deep devotion to one’s nation
Nationalism can be a unifying force within a nation but it can also cause intense competition between nations
Fierce rivalry was building between Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungry, and Italy

5. What were the European nations competing over?

6. Source of Rivalry
Rivalry developed among European nations for a variety of reason
Competition for markets and materials
Territorial disputes

7. Imperialism
Imperialism- policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate a weaker one economically, politically, or socially
Competition between European nations for colonies in Africa and Asia frequently came to the brink of war

9. Militarism
Militarism- glorifying military power and keeping a standing army prepared for war
Militarism led to an arms race between the European nations before World War I

10. Alliances
Growing rivalries and mistrust led to the creation of several military alliances
The alliance system was designed to keep a balance of power and promote peace

11. Triple Alliance
After Otto von Bismarck unified Germany he set his goals on maintaining peace in Europe
To keep France from having allies Bismarck made an alliance with Austri-Hungary, Italy, and Russia (for a while)
Triple Alliance- military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

12. Triple Entente
After Kaiser Wilhelm II came to power in Germany he began to build up the navy to try to equal France
Triple Entente- military alliance between France, Britain, and Russia

14. Powder Keg of Europe Powder Keg of Europe- Balkan Peninsula
Home to an assortment of ethnic groups
Nationalism was strong in the new countries on the peninsula
In 1908 Austria-Hungry annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbia vowed to take them back

15. Assassination
Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand- direct cause of World War I
June 18, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne and his wife Sophie visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia
As they rode through the streets they were shot by Gavrilo Princip, a 19 year old Serbian

20. War
Because the assassin was Serbian, Austria-Hungary decided to punish Serbia
July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

21. Why is a war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia problematic?

22. June 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand killed
July 28-Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
July 30-Russia prepares to defend its ally Serbia
Aug 1-Germany declares war on Russia
Aug 3- Germany declare war on France
Aug 4-Germany invades Belgium
Aug 4-Britain declares war on Germany
Aug 6- Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
Aug 12 France and Britain declare war on Austria-Hungary

24. If historical events had facebook statuses

32. Demonstrate your knowledge of the causes of WWI by creating facebook statuses

33. Europe Plunges into War
Sec 2

34. Central Powers
Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungry, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire

35. Allied Powers
Allies- Great Britain, France, Russia, Japan, and Italy

36. Western Front
By fall of 1914 the war had turned into a bloody stalemate, or deadlock
Western Front- deadlocked battlefields of northern France

38. Schlieffen Plan
Schlieffen Plan- German battle plan to attack and defeat the French then rush east to fight the Russians
Nearly worked, Germans reached the outskirts of Paris but were pushed back

39. Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare- type of warfare where soldiers battle each other from trenches
Trench Warfare

53. New Technology Changes Warfare

54. What kind of new technology was used in World War I?

55. Artillery
Larger Shells
Greater Distance

57. Poison Gas Tear Gas Mustard Gas Chlorine
Chlorine forms hydrochloric acid when it dissolves in the water in the lungs

64. Armored Tanks
First used in WWI

66. Submarines
Used effectively by the Germans to prevent supplies from reaching Britain

68. Airplanes Most dramatic new weapon
Used for watching troop movements, bombing, dogfights
Dogfight

71. FAIL

72. Machine Guns

73. Eastern Front
Eastern Front- battlefield along the German and Russian border
More mobile war than the west

74. YouTube - Metallica - One

75. Russia Struggles Unlike other nations Russia had yet to industrialize
As a result the army was short on food, supplies, ammunition, clothes, blankets
Russia had only one asset, numbers

76. A Global Conflict
Sec 3

77. World War
Allies attacked the Ottoman Empire hoping to open trade routes with Russia
Also attacked German colonies in Africa taking 3 of 4
Japan attacked and took German possessions in China and the Pacific
Australia, India, South Africa, Egypt and even Brazil send troops to help

78. America Joins the War
Isolationism- policy of avoiding treaties and entanglements with other countries
The US choose to take an isolationist stance for the first 3 years of the war

79. Reasons for US Entry
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- German practice of sinking any ship without warning in the waters around Britain
Sinking of the Lusitania- British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat, killing 1198 passengers including 128 Americans

82. Zimmerman Note
Zimmerman Note- telegram stating that Germany would help Mexico reconquer lost land if Mexico would ally itself with Germany

83. Propaganda
Propaganda- information or material spread to advance a cause or damage an opponent’s cause

91. Losses
In the 3 years before the US joined the war more men were killed in battle that in all the wars of the previous three centuries

92. Total War
Total War- war in which countries devote all their resources to the war effort
The entire force of the government is dedicated to winning the war
In each country the government took control of the economy
They told factories what to produce and how much
Rationing- system in which people can only buy small amounts of items needed for war

93. How did women help in the war effort?

94. Women Thousands of women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops
They also worked as nurses and helped keep troops supplied with food, clothing, and weapons

97. Russia Leaves the War
War-related food shortages of food and fuel caused civil unrest and forced Czar Nicholas to step down
By 1917, 5.5 million Russian soldiers had been killed and the army refused to fight any longer

98. Lenin
In November 1917, Communist leader Vladimir Lenin took over the government and made a truce with the Germans to end Russian involvement in the war

100. Central Powers Collapse
In March 1918, the Germans concentrated all their forces on the western front for one last push to Paris
The Germans came within 40 miles of Paris until the Allied forces reinforced by 140,000 fresh American troops pushed them back

101. End of the War
With the arrival of 2 million US troops the Allies began a slow march toward Germany
First the Bulgarians surrendered then the Ottomans
A revolution swept through Austria-Hungary
November 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down and Germany declared itself a republic

102. Armistice
Armistice- agreement to stop fighting
November 11, 1918

103. Legacy of the War Brought new technology to warfare
First war on a global scale
Europe was destroyed
homes, farms, cities
The Lost Generation
8.5 million soldiers dead
21 million soldiers wounded
Countless civilians dead

110. A Flawed Peace
Sec 4

111. Allies Meet and Debate
The Paris Peace Conference began in January 1919 with 32 countries present
Major decisions were made by the Big Four, United States, Britain, France, and Italy

112. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Fourteen Points- series of peace proposals outlined by US President Woodrow Wilson
End secret treaties
Freedom of the seas
Free trade
Reduced armies and navies
Self-determination- allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wanted to live

113. Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles- peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allies at the end of World War I
Placed sole responsibility for the war on Germany
Germany lost significant territory and had restriction placed on the military
Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies for destruction caused in World War I
$33 billion over 30 years

115. League of Nations
League of Nations- international organization created by the Treaty of Versailles whose goal was to keep peace among nations

116. Creation of New Nations
Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia were all created out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
The Ottoman Turks were forced to give up all territory outside of Turkey
Romania and Poland both gained land from Russia
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania all became independent nations

118. “A Peace Created on Quicksand”
Treaty of Versailles was never approved by the United States
Most Americans wanted to go back to isolationist policies and stay out of Europe’s affairs
The Treaty created a bitterness and hatred in the German people