1. Toward Effective Trilateral Development Cooperation Dominique Njinkeu Executive Director International Lawyers and Economists Against Poverty (ILEAP) Delhi, August 12-13, 2008

2. Structure of Presentation Background on TDC: Who and what? Background on TDC: Who and what? Profiling the partners in TDC Profiling the partners in TDC Experiences and Lessons Learned Experiences and Lessons Learned Broadening the concept: Multilateral frameworks Broadening the concept: Multilateral frameworks Broadening the concept: Non-state-actors Broadening the concept: Non-state-actors Concluding remarks Concluding remarks

3. Background  Aid has worked in some economies. But others lagging, aid dependent, little transformation to higher growth paths But others lagging, aid dependent, little transformation to higher growth paths Two broad sources of failure Two broad sources of failure –design and delivery: Paris Declaration –constraints to aid effectiveness: knowledge of local economic, cultural and political conditions. Main question: can TDC help?

4. Background TDC: TDC: –member of the OECD-DAC: Aid practices aligned to DAC standards –Emerging donor (ED): Resources + expertise –Recipients: countries, multilaterals, NSAs

5. Profiling the recipients: the bottom billion (Weak, disadvantaged, failing states ) Poverty-trap Poverty-trap –Conflicts and poor governance –Low human development –Natural resource –Access to markets

6. Profiling cooperation countries e.g. China Focus on African long-term objectives –Competing business interests, good governance and rule of law –Energy security (at any cost?); commodity, climate and environmental security –Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI); Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) –T ransparency in aid and loan allocation, debt build-up Possible way: TDC ; Paris Declaration

7. Experiences and Lessons Learned: Institutional building Experience of institutional transformation in Thailand and Brazil Experience of institutional transformation in Thailand and Brazil Thai International Cooperation Program (TICP) and Brazilian Cooperation Agency or ABC : cooperation center for others Thai International Cooperation Program (TICP) and Brazilian Cooperation Agency or ABC : cooperation center for others Provided direct assistance Provided direct assistance –on HRD, dispatch of experts, and provision of equipment. –Areas: fisheries, agriculture, security, health (particularly HIV/AIDS), use of bio-fuels ethanol and bio-diesel).

8. Experiences and Lessons Learned: Japanese Support to Transfer of Know-how Japanese aid success in nurturing emerging donor to assume center stage in aid delivery to other recipients of development aid: Thailand Japanese aid success in nurturing emerging donor to assume center stage in aid delivery to other recipients of development aid: Thailand Joint Japan Human Resources Development Fund (JHRDF) - UNDP effort on the development of the NERICA (New Rice for Africa) overseen by the West African Development Association (WARDA) Joint Japan Human Resources Development Fund (JHRDF) - UNDP effort on the development of the NERICA (New Rice for Africa) overseen by the West African Development Association (WARDA)

9. Experiences and Lessons Learned: TICAD TICAD: a consultation framework on African development challenges and defining the underpinnings of Japanese aid strategy. TICAD: a consultation framework on African development challenges and defining the underpinnings of Japanese aid strategy. TICAD I: ownership and Asia-Africa cooperation; TICAD I: ownership and Asia-Africa cooperation; TICAD II: promoting a proactive role of the state, good governance and democratization of political systems. TICAD II: promoting a proactive role of the state, good governance and democratization of political systems. TICAD III: norms and institutions that protect and empower people and communities; exchange on NEPAD. TICAD III: norms and institutions that protect and empower people and communities; exchange on NEPAD. TICAD IV, in 2008, promoting economic growth, human security and environmental issues. TICAD IV, in 2008, promoting economic growth, human security and environmental issues.

10. Broadening the concept: United Nations system a key player Universal presence and neutrality positions UN as a knowledge-based organization for exchange of development experience. Universal presence and neutrality positions UN as a knowledge-based organization for exchange of development experience. Global program: facilitate interregional exchange and learning; maximizes the synergies of knowledge sharing. Global program: facilitate interregional exchange and learning; maximizes the synergies of knowledge sharing. Regional programs: share best practices and draw attention to innovation. Regional programs: share best practices and draw attention to innovation. TDC has been happening through the Emerging Donors Initiative (EDI) in putting in place delivery mechanisms compatible with DAC standards TDC has been happening through the Emerging Donors Initiative (EDI) in putting in place delivery mechanisms compatible with DAC standards

11. Broadening the concept: Non- States Actors Emergence of NSA producing research and informing policy formulation and implementation Emergence of NSA producing research and informing policy formulation and implementation Research institutions and networks : evidence- based decision-making Research institutions and networks : evidence- based decision-making NSA focusing on advocacy and or bringing in the policy debate various stakeholders, particularly the poor and marginalized segments of the population. NSA focusing on advocacy and or bringing in the policy debate various stakeholders, particularly the poor and marginalized segments of the population. Role of local NSA, particularly the researchers, in promoting evidence-based decisions and much- needed focus on longer-term objectives Role of local NSA, particularly the researchers, in promoting evidence-based decisions and much- needed focus on longer-term objectives

12. Concluding remarks 1.Conflicts and poor governance: 1. concerted efforts to harmonize interventions 2. CC: China, India; regional partners (Nigeria, South Africa, RECs..); NSAs 2.Low human development: agricultural transformation and others 1. Study each sector and recipient to identify cooperation country 2. CC: Brazil, India, Asia for Africa; regional partners; NSAs

13. Concluding remarks 3. Natural resource : a. Importance of initiatives such as the EITI b. All countries + NSAs 4. Access to markets: a. privileged access + AFT b. DAC + cooperation countries providing resources c. All countries + NSAs

14. Concluding remarks 5. More work on the concept required Scholarly work on the concept e.g. benchmarking and counterfactual analysis Scholarly work on the concept e.g. benchmarking and counterfactual analysis Costs and benefits were not addressed: Case studies Costs and benefits were not addressed: Case studies Broadening the scope to include the NSAs? Broadening the scope to include the NSAs?