1. Unit 12 Biochemistry

2. Carbohydrates

3. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 19 3 Carbohydrates carbon, hydrogen & oxygen also known as sugars, starches, cellulose, dextrins & gums Produced through photosynthesis by plants Identified by the number of carbon atoms

4. 4 Types of Carbohydrates The types of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates disaccharides, which consist of two monosaccharides polysaccharides, which contain many monosaccharides

5. 5 Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are carbohydrates with three to six carbon atoms a carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) several hydroxyl groups

6. 6 Some Important Monosaccharides Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) is an aldohexose found in fruits, vegetables, corn syrup, and honey found in disaccharides the monosaccharide in polymers of starch, cellulose, and glycogen

7. 7 Blood Glucose Level In the human body, glucose has a normal blood level of 70 to 90 mg/dL a glucose tolerance test measures blood glucose for several hours after ingesting glucose

8. 8 Some Important Monosaccharides Fructose is a ketohexose with the formula C 6 H 12 O 6 the sweetest monosaccharide found in fruit juices and honey converted to glucose in the body

9. 9 Cyclic Structure for Glucose STEP 1 Turn the open-chain structure clockwise 90°.

10. 10 Cyclic Structure for Glucose (continued) STEP 2 Fold the carbon chain into a hexagon and bond the O on carbon 5 to the carbonyl group.

11. 11 Cyclic Structure for Glucose (continued) STEP 3 Draw the new –OH on C1 down to give the  form or up to give the  form.

12. 12 Solution

13. Lipids

14. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 19 14 Lipids chemicals of the cell that are insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar solvents fatty acids, fats, oils, phospholipids, glycolipids, some vitamins, steroids and waxes structural components of cell membrane because they don’t dissolve in water long-term energy storage insulation

15. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 19 15 Fatty Acids carboxylic acid (head) with a very long hydrocarbon side-chain (tail) saturated fatty acids contain no C=C double bonds in the hydrocarbon side-chain unsaturated fatty acids have C=C double bonds monounsaturated have 1 C=C polyunsaturated have more than 1 C=C Head Tail

16. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 19 16 Fats & Oils: Triglycerides fats are solid at room temperature, oils are liquids trigylcerides are triesters of glycerol with fatty acids the bonds that join glycerol to the fatty acids are called ester linkages triglycerides differ in Length of the fatty acid side-chains (12 to 20 C) ester linkage

17. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 19 17 Steroids characterized by 4 linked carbon rings mostly hydrocarbon-like dissolve in animal fat mostly have hormonal effects serum cholesterol levels linked to heart disease and stroke levels depend on diet, exercise, emotional stress, genetics, etc. cholesterol synthesized in the liver from saturated fats

18. Proteins

19. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 19 19 Amino Acids main difference between amino acids is the side chain R group some R groups are polar, others are nonpolar some polar R groups are acidic, others are basic some R groups contain O, others N and others S some R groups are rings, other are chains the differences in the R groups give the amino acids their different properties

20. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 19 20 Types of Proteins tertiary structure determines the type of protein globular folds into a fairly compact, spherical shape water soluble mobile fibrous long coils aligned in stacks like pipes water insoluble provide strength to tissues

21. Common Functions of Proteins Structure – bone, skin, cartilage, tendons, nails, hair Movement – muscles Protection – antibodies, blood clotting Catalysis – emzymes Transport – oxygen (hemoglobin) Energy – extract energy from food Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 19 21

22. Nucleic Acids

23. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 19 23 Nucleic Acids carry genetic information Every cell has a complete copy RNA molar mass = 20K to 40K amu i.e BIG polymers

24. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 19 24 DNA deoxyribonucleic acid sugar is deoxyribose one of the following amine bases adenine (A) guanine (G) cytosine (C) thymine (T) 2 DNA strands wound together in double helix