1. Indian and South-East Asian Art Professor A. D’Ascoli

3. Indian Civilization 2500 – 1550 BCE Indus Valley & Saraswati Civilizations – built cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa2500 – 1550 BCE Indus Valley & Saraswati Civilizations – built cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa 1500 BCE – Hinduism develops1500 BCE – Hinduism develops 1000 – 600 BCE – Vedic Period (Aryan Migrations)1000 – 600 BCE – Vedic Period (Aryan Migrations) 8 th century BCE – Caste system is firmly established8 th century BCE – Caste system is firmly established 6 th – 5 th centuries BCE – Jainism and Buddhism appear6 th – 5 th centuries BCE – Jainism and Buddhism appear 563 – 483 BCE – Life of Gautama Buddha563 – 483 BCE – Life of Gautama Buddha 550 BCE – Vedas are written down by the Aryans550 BCE – Vedas are written down by the Aryans

4. Indian Civilization 326 BCE – Alexander the Great invades India326 BCE – Alexander the Great invades India 324 – 301 BCE – Chandragupta Maurya rules and establishes an Indian Empire (established by Alexander as ruler in his name)324 – 301 BCE – Chandragupta Maurya rules and establishes an Indian Empire (established by Alexander as ruler in his name) 269 – 232 BCE – Ashoka rules – Buddhism spreads269 – 232 BCE – Ashoka rules – Buddhism spreads 250 BCE – Sarnath is made capital of India250 BCE – Sarnath is made capital of India 1 st century BCE – Bhagavad Gita is written (One of Hindu Holy Books) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PA3tXytB4 081 st century BCE – Bhagavad Gita is written (One of Hindu Holy Books) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PA3tXytB4 08 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PA3tXytB4 08 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PA3tXytB4 08

5. Caste System Indian society is divided into 4 distinct classes or castes:Indian society is divided into 4 distinct classes or castes: (1) Brahmins – priests, leaders, seers and religious authorities;(1) Brahmins – priests, leaders, seers and religious authorities; (2) Kshatriyas – originally the kings and warriors of the ancient past, now they are the administrators, politicians and civil authorities;(2) Kshatriyas – originally the kings and warriors of the ancient past, now they are the administrators, politicians and civil authorities; (3) Vaishyas – businessmen, merchants, traders, doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc.; and(3) Vaishyas – businessmen, merchants, traders, doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc.; and (4) Shudras – they are the laborers, the servant class.(4) Shudras – they are the laborers, the servant class. However, even beneath the Shudras are the Outcastes – called the ‘untouchables’ – these are members of Indian society who fall outside of any of the castes and are therefore avoided by members of the other classes completelyHowever, even beneath the Shudras are the Outcastes – called the ‘untouchables’ – these are members of Indian society who fall outside of any of the castes and are therefore avoided by members of the other classes completely

6. Indian Civilization 4 Major religions exist in India today – 3 which are indigenous4 Major religions exist in India today – 3 which are indigenous JainismJainism BuddhismBuddhism MuslimMuslim HinduismHinduism

7. Indian Religions - Hinduism Origins are unknown (1500 – 500 BCE)Origins are unknown (1500 – 500 BCE) Hindu derives from Sanskrit word for Indus RiverHindu derives from Sanskrit word for Indus River Hindu worship focuses on a pantheon of gods who personify the forces of nature (not an historical person or prophet)Hindu worship focuses on a pantheon of gods who personify the forces of nature (not an historical person or prophet) At the center of the Hindu religion is the idea of Brahman – the indivisible essence of all spiritual reality, the divine source of all beingAt the center of the Hindu religion is the idea of Brahman – the indivisible essence of all spiritual reality, the divine source of all being

8. Indian Religions - Hinduism Brahman’s 3 functions are divided into 3 gods: Brahman’s 3 functions are divided into 3 gods: (1) Brahma – the creator – not the same as Brahman;(1) Brahma – the creator – not the same as Brahman; (2) Vishnu – the preserver; and(2) Vishnu – the preserver; and (3) Shiva – the destroyer.(3) Shiva – the destroyer.

9. Brahman: Essence of Reality Brahman: Essence of Reality  He is not ultimate reality because he can be visualized.  Brahma’s life span = each day is 1000 times the whole of human history.  The world will end with the appearance of Vishnu and is about 4000 years from now.

10. Indian Religions - Hinduism The idea of kharma is also central to Hindi thoughtThe idea of kharma is also central to Hindi thought Kharma means action, however the concept of kharma involves moral cause and effect (you get what you put out)Kharma means action, however the concept of kharma involves moral cause and effect (you get what you put out) People’s accumulation of these moral actions will determine the form in which he or she will reincarnatePeople’s accumulation of these moral actions will determine the form in which he or she will reincarnate Because of this people’s current condition (poor, deformed, etc) is believed to have been caused by your previous misuse of your earlier existenceBecause of this people’s current condition (poor, deformed, etc) is believed to have been caused by your previous misuse of your earlier existence Ancient Hindu society reflects these religious beliefs in their caste system.Ancient Hindu society reflects these religious beliefs in their caste system.

11. 9 Basic Hindu Beliefs Hindus believe in a one, all-pervasive Supreme Being who is both immanent and transcendent, both Creator and Unmanifest Reality.Hindus believe in a one, all-pervasive Supreme Being who is both immanent and transcendent, both Creator and Unmanifest Reality. Hindus believe in the divinity of the four Vedas, the world's most ancient scripture, and venerate the Agamas as equally revealed. These primordial hymns are God's word and the bedrock of Sanatana Dharma, the eternal religion.Hindus believe in the divinity of the four Vedas, the world's most ancient scripture, and venerate the Agamas as equally revealed. These primordial hymns are God's word and the bedrock of Sanatana Dharma, the eternal religion. Hindus believe that the universe undergoes endless cycles of creation, preservation and dissolution.Hindus believe that the universe undergoes endless cycles of creation, preservation and dissolution. Hindus believe in karma, the law of cause and effect by which each individual creates his own destiny by his thoughts, words and deeds.Hindus believe in karma, the law of cause and effect by which each individual creates his own destiny by his thoughts, words and deeds.

12. 9 Basic Hindu Beliefs Hindus believe that the soul reincarnates, evolving through many births until all karmas have been resolved, and moksha, liberation from the cycle of rebirth, is attained. Not a single soul will be deprived of this destiny. Hindus believe that divine beings exist in unseen worlds and that temple worship, rituals, sacraments and personal devotionals create a communion with these devas and Gods. Hindus believe that an enlightened master, or satguru, is essential to know the Transcendent Absolute, as are personal discipline, good conduct, purification, pilgrimage, self-inquiry, meditation and surrender in God. Hindus believe that all life is sacred, to be loved and revered, and therefore practice ahimsa, noninjury, in thought, word and deed. Hindus believe that no religion teaches the only way to salvation above all others, but that all genuine paths are facets of God's Light, deserving tolerance and understanding.

13. Hinduism http://indianterrorism.bravepages.com/hinduex tremismup.htmhttp://indianterrorism.bravepages.com/hinduex tremismup.htmhttp://indianterrorism.bravepages.com/hinduex tremismup.htmhttp://indianterrorism.bravepages.com/hinduex tremismup.htm http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/2011/0 3/30/hindu-extremism-and-christian- persecution-in-india/http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/2011/0 3/30/hindu-extremism-and-christian- persecution-in-india/http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/2011/0 3/30/hindu-extremism-and-christian- persecution-in-india/http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/2011/0 3/30/hindu-extremism-and-christian- persecution-in-india/

14. THE TWO MOST POPULAR GODS SHIVA VISHNU

15. Krishna Rama Avatars of Vishnu

16. Goddesses LakshmiSaraswati

17. Kali Kali  Wife of Shiva  Black in color & wearing a necklace of skulls.  She is a bloodthirsty goddess.  A violent destroyer of her enemies  affectionate and caring for her devotees..

18. The Ganges River The Ganges River Falling from its source of Vishnu’s feet onto Shiva’s head and out from his hair, the water of the Ganges is sacred enough to purify all sins.

19. Indian Religions - Jainism The ultimate goal of Jainism is the same as in Buddhism and Hinduism – which is the escape from the cycle of samsara (the transmigration of the soul (reincarnation)The ultimate goal of Jainism is the same as in Buddhism and Hinduism – which is the escape from the cycle of samsara (the transmigration of the soul (reincarnation) Jainism, more than any other Indian religion, focuses on self-reliance and responsibility for one’s own fateJainism, more than any other Indian religion, focuses on self-reliance and responsibility for one’s own fate Jainism is a very ethical faith – it emphasizes virtue, self-control and non-violence to all life formsJainism is a very ethical faith – it emphasizes virtue, self-control and non-violence to all life forms

20. Indian Religions - Buddhism The historical Buddha was born Siddharta Gautama Sakya (563 – 483 BCE) and was a prince of a kingdom in the foothills of the Himalayas, in present day Nepal. He is also known as Sayakamuni (the sage)The historical Buddha was born Siddharta Gautama Sakya (563 – 483 BCE) and was a prince of a kingdom in the foothills of the Himalayas, in present day Nepal. He is also known as Sayakamuni (the sage) He achieved enlightenment and then traveled the countryside preaching and educating others on the path to enlightenment.He achieved enlightenment and then traveled the countryside preaching and educating others on the path to enlightenment. He taught the importance of the Middle Path – rejecting both extremes – those of asceticism which only weakens the mind and the body and indulgence which obstructs wisdomHe taught the importance of the Middle Path – rejecting both extremes – those of asceticism which only weakens the mind and the body and indulgence which obstructs wisdom

21. Indian Religions - Buddhism Buddha set forth the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path of the dharma (religious truth or law)Buddha set forth the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path of the dharma (religious truth or law) The 4 Noble truths are:The 4 Noble truths are: (1) Life consists of suffering, impermanence, imperfection and incompleteness;(1) Life consists of suffering, impermanence, imperfection and incompleteness; (2) the cause of life’s suffering is selfishness;(2) the cause of life’s suffering is selfishness; (3) Suffering and selfishness can be brought to an end;(3) Suffering and selfishness can be brought to an end; (4) The answer to life’s problems of suffering is the eightfold Path.(4) The answer to life’s problems of suffering is the eightfold Path.

22. Indian Religions - Buddhism The Eightfold path consists of:The Eightfold path consists of: (1) knowledge of the 4 Noble Truths;(1) knowledge of the 4 Noble Truths; (2) right aspiration to the goal of enlightenment (nirvana);(2) right aspiration to the goal of enlightenment (nirvana); (3) right speech that is honest and charitable;(3) right speech that is honest and charitable; (4) right conduct – no drinking, killing, lying or having lust;(4) right conduct – no drinking, killing, lying or having lust; (5) right living according to the goals of Buddhism;(5) right living according to the goals of Buddhism; (6) right effort;(6) right effort; (7) right thinking with a focus on self-awareness; and(7) right thinking with a focus on self-awareness; and (8) right use of meditation to achieve enlightenment.(8) right use of meditation to achieve enlightenment.

23. Buddhism - extremists http://www.compassdirect.org/english/country /bangladesh/17879http://www.compassdirect.org/english/country /bangladesh/17879http://www.compassdirect.org/english/country /bangladesh/17879http://www.compassdirect.org/english/country /bangladesh/17879 http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/bu ddhist_extremists_brutally_attack_catholic_chur ch_in_sri_lanka/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/bu ddhist_extremists_brutally_attack_catholic_chur ch_in_sri_lanka/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/bu ddhist_extremists_brutally_attack_catholic_chur ch_in_sri_lanka/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/bu ddhist_extremists_brutally_attack_catholic_chur ch_in_sri_lanka/

24. Great bath Mohenjo-daro Pakistan 2600-1900 B.C.E. Oldest South East Asian city

25. Robed Male Figure from Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan ca. 2000-1900 B.C.E. steatite 6 7/8 in. high

26. Indian Art Indus Valley Seals 3000 – 1500 BCE Indus Valley, India Cared in intaglio (negative relief) Written language that is still undeciphered above animal designs

28. Indian Art Ganesha 12 th century CE Southern Deccan Karnataka, India From Hoyshala Period when Hinduism was enjoying a resurgence Ganesha is a Hindu god that is associated with playfulness and prosperity

29. Indian Art Lion Capital 250 BCE Sarnath, India Mauryan era – erected by Ashoka to mark a place of significance to the Buddha As lions are powerful animals – so Buddha was a powerful teacher

30. Indian Art Great StupaGreat Stupa 3 rd century BCE3 rd century BCE Sanchi, IndiaSanchi, India The stupa is the central symbol of the Buddhist faith ( a temple)The stupa is the central symbol of the Buddhist faith ( a temple) These stupa contain relics of the BuddhaThese stupa contain relics of the Buddha 60 ft in diameter and 25 ft high60 ft in diameter and 25 ft high

32. Indian Art Gate of the Great Stupa 3 rd – 1 st centuries BCE Sanchi, India The gate is inscribed and carved with tales from the life of the Buddha as well as stories from the epic Jataka tales Over 30 feet high – there are 4 in total

33. Great Stupa - detail Sanchi, India first century B.C.E. to first century C.E.

34. Chaitya Hall Karle, India ca. 100 C.E.

35. Chaitya Hall Karle, India ca. 100 C.E.

36. Seated Buddha from Mathura, India 2nd century C.E. red sandstone 27 1/2 in. high ushnisha mudra chakra prana elongated ears halo of enlightenment urna

37. Indian Art Seated BuddhaSeated Buddha 2 nd – 3 rd century CE2 nd – 3 rd century CE Peshawar District, PakistanPeshawar District, Pakistan From Kushan eraFrom Kushan era The Kushans are credited with creating the first anthropomorphic icons of the BuddhaThe Kushans are credited with creating the first anthropomorphic icons of the Buddha Greco-Roman influences in robeGreco-Roman influences in robe

38. Indian Art Standing BuddhaStanding Buddha 4 th – 5 th century CE4 th – 5 th century CE Mathura, IndiaMathura, India Gupta Period work of artGupta Period work of art The Buddha stands in calm serenityThe Buddha stands in calm serenity Robe is sheer breaking from Greco-Roman traditionsRobe is sheer breaking from Greco-Roman traditions

39. Indian Art Boshisattva Padmapani 5 th century CE Ajanta Caves, India Gupta period painting The serenity in his face reflects compassion Painted in the traditional tribhanga pose (Standing figure with a slightly s-curved body, weight shifted to one leg)

40. Indian Art Kandariya Mahadeo Temple 1025 – 1050 CE Khajuraho, India The largest tower is over 100 feet tall There are 84 smaller towers Placed on a masonry platform to add to its height and promote its majesty Full of erotic relief sculpture

41. Indian Art Taj Mahal Agra, India 1630 -1648 CE This is actually a mausoleum Built by Shah Jahan as a tribute to his wife Mumatz Mahal Islamic influence is clearly seen here

42. Indian Art Shiva Nataraja (Lord of the Dance)Shiva Nataraja (Lord of the Dance) 11 th – 12 th century CE11 th – 12 th century CE Chola, IndiaChola, India This is probably the most famous of Indian iconsThis is probably the most famous of Indian icons Shiva symbolizes both the creative and destructive forces in the universeShiva symbolizes both the creative and destructive forces in the universe A ring of fire surrounds him as his hair flies out in both directionsA ring of fire surrounds him as his hair flies out in both directions

43. Indian Art Tirumala Sri VenkateswaraTirumala Sri Venkateswara 16 th century CE16 th century CE Tirupati, IndiaTirupati, India Temple complex covers over 2 acres of landTemple complex covers over 2 acres of land

44. Indian Art Sabarimala TempleSabarimala Temple 800-1000 CE800-1000 CE Kerala, IndiaKerala, India Series of Pilgrimage Temples where strict rules must be followed to enterSeries of Pilgrimage Temples where strict rules must be followed to enter Only men, women in menopause over 50 or girls under 10 are allowed insideOnly men, women in menopause over 50 or girls under 10 are allowed inside

45. Indian Art Akshradham TempleAkshradham Temple 2005 CE2005 CE Delhi, IndiaDelhi, India Built to represent the Hindu religion in allegoryBuilt to represent the Hindu religion in allegory 141 feet high141 feet high

46. Indian Art Lotus Bah’ai TempleLotus Bah’ai Temple 19861986 Delhi, IndiaDelhi, India Home of the Ba’hai faith in IndiaHome of the Ba’hai faith in India Built to represent a Lotus flowerBuilt to represent a Lotus flower In Ba’hai faith all religions are welcome to come and worship god in whatever formIn Ba’hai faith all religions are welcome to come and worship god in whatever form

47. Indian Art Golden Temple (Hari Mandir)Golden Temple (Hari Mandir) 1581-1606 CE1581-1606 CE Amritsar, IndiaAmritsar, India A spot where the Buddha and several Gurus used to meditate, it was formerly a small rock in a lake surrounded by a forestA spot where the Buddha and several Gurus used to meditate, it was formerly a small rock in a lake surrounded by a forest

48. Indian Erotic Art

50. Southeast Asian Art

51. Bamayan Buddhas (destroyed) Bamayan, Afghanistan 3rd century C.E. 150 feet tall

52. Bamayan Buddhas (destroyed) Bamayan, Afghanistan 3rd century C.E. 150 feet tall

53. Death of the Buddha (Parinirvana) Gal Virhara, Sri Lanka 11th - 12th century C.E.

54. Cosmic Mountain Borobudur, Java, Indonesia ca. 800 C.E. 400 ft. wide

55. Angkor, Cambodia 12th century C.E.

56. Angkor Wat Angkor, Cambodia 12th century C.E.

57. Angkor Wat Angkor, Cambodia 12th century C.E.

59. Towers of the Bayon Angkor Thom, Cambodia 12th to 13th centuries C.E.

60. Towers of the Bayon Angkor Thom, Cambodia 12th to 13th centuries C.E.

61. Bagan. Bagan, Myanmar (formerly Burma): Ancient temples and pagodas, including Sunset Temple (1057). 1057-1287. 16 square miles.

62. The End... Next lecture China & Japan