1. CIVITAS Open Academy Ljubljana 15 April 2010 Eric N. SchrefflerProf Tom Rye, Transport ConsultantEdinburgh Napier San Diego, California, USAUniversity Edinburgh, UK Travel Demand Management: International Experience

2. Overview TDM in the U.S. TDM in Latin America TDM in Japan TDM in Italy TDM in the Netherlands TDM in Sweden Final thoughts Ljubljana Workshop

3. Conversions used in this presentation 1 pound (lb) = 0.45kg 1 US gallon = 3.6 litres 1 mile = 1.6km VMT – vehicle mile travelled 1 pound (lb) = 0.45kg 1 US gallon = 3.6 litres 1 mile = 1.6km VMT – vehicle mile travelled

4. TDM IN THE U.S. Employer Participation in Reducing Car Travel Ljubljana Workshop

5. History of TDM in U.S. TDM has evolved in response to crises: World War II Individual Employer Efforts The Arab Oil Embargo Suburban Traffic Problems Air Pollution Traffic Congestion Gas Prices Global Climate Change Ljubljana Workshop

6. Seattle TDM Initiatives Commute Trip Reduction Law Extensive vanpool program Universal public transport pass Bicycle network Carsharing - Zipcar Corporate bus systems - Microsoft Ridesharing incentives – R-TRIP Telecommuting assistance Community-based TDM - Ljubljana Workshop

7. Commute Trip Reduction Law Washington State law enacted in 1991 Partnership of state, cities and employers Goal to reduce congestion, pollution and energy consumption Targets set to reduce VMT Requirements on worksites with 100+ workers Applies to 1,100 worksites in Washington State Companies survey employees annually Ljubljana Workshop

8. CTR Impacts Commuters making 26,000 fewer car trips Drive alone rate at CTR worksites down - 70.9% in 1993 to 65.% in 2007 Washington State saw drive alone rate go down, only one of two among 50 states CTR commuters reduced 4000 tons of air pollution Reduced petrol consumption by about 7.9M gallons, saving over $23 million in fuel costs Ljubljana Workshop

9. CTR Impacts on Traffic Linking TDM and System Performance Without TDM I-5 in Seattle With TDM I-5 in Seattle Ljubljana Workshop

10. City of Redmond R-TRIP Redmond Trip Resource and Incentive Program Operated by City of Redmond for commuters Aim to reduce traffic congestion and improve AQ Offered to any Redmond resident or commuter Encourage bus use, ridesharing, bike, and walk Incentive is one-time $50, then chance at drawings One month free bus pass for new users Extra incentives for vanpoolers Ljubljana Workshop

11. Each day equals a chance to be entered in a prize draw. Logged on gortrip.com R-TRIP Incentive Calendar Ljubljana Workshop

12. Cumulative Impacts CO 2 REDUCED: 34,950,280 lbs FUEL SAVED: 1,593,428 gallons TRAVEL SAVED: 37,126,880 miles VEHICLE TRIPS SAVED: 1,244,159 trips (since May 2008) Ljubljana Workshop

13. Carsharing Widespread in Europe (Germany, Switzerland) 60,000 members and 900 vehicles in U.S. (2004) Some members get rid of 2 nd car Daily Impacts: (San Francisco Evaluation) Average reduction of 7 parking spaces demanded per carshare vehicle Average net reduction of 5 VMT per carshare member per day 0.75 lb of CO2 emissions reduced per carshare member per day

14. TDM IN LATIN AMERICA DOING MORE WITH LESS Ljubljana Workshop

15. TDM Initiatives in Latin America Vision plan in Guatemala City Bus Rapid Transit Ciclovia – closing streets for active transport Car Free Days – Bogotá No Drive Days – Mexico City Ljubljana Workshop

16. Guatemala City Part of Mayor’s 2020 Plan: “A City for Living” with three goals: 1.Social solidarity 2.Environmental responsibility 3.Economic competitiveness Transmetro and Pasos y Pedales part of Mayor Alvaro Arzu’s plan Ljubljana Workshop

17. Transmetro – Guatemala City BRT - dedicated busway on arterial median Ljubljana Workshop

18. Transmetro – Guatemala City Benefits Reduces travel time by 20% Few buses needed overall Safer Fares did not substantially increase Runner up to London and Paris for 2008 Sustainable Transport Award Ljubljana Workshop

19. Active Transport: Pasos y Pedales Part of Plan in Guatemala City Part of international Ciclovia movement Close five streets to traffic every Sunday from 10:00 to 14:00 Ljubljana Workshop

20. TDM IN JAPAN PERSONALIZED TRAVEL PLANNING Ljubljana Workshop

21. TDM Initiatives in Japan TDM is rather new in Japan Not well known by policy-makers Innovations in Park-and-Ride Bicycling parking technology Educating students and licensed drivers on mobility management Compressed work weeks and staggered hours Personalized travel planning Ljubljana Workshop

22. Travel Feedback Programs One-on-one advice on sustainable travel behavior via survey, follow-up and tailored information and incentives Also called: Individualized marketing (Germany/US) Travel blending/travel smart (Australia) Personalized travel planning (UK) Japanese Travel Feedback Programs (TFPs) for: Residents (at home) Students (at school) Employees (at work place) Ljubljana Workshop

23. Travel Feedback Program Impacts Residential TFPs resulted in: – 7.3% - 19.1% reduction in car use –increased public transport use 30% - 69% Work place TFPs resulted in: – 12% reduction in car use – 50% increase in public transport use –19% decrease in CO2 emissions Ljubljana Workshop

24. TDM IN ITALY URBAN MOBILITY POLICY Ljubljana Workshop

25. Integrating TDM into Urban Plan ROME MOBILITY POLICY Concentric Rings: Historic core: ZTL access control Rail ring: no non-catalyzed cars; parking pricing Green ring: parking management Ring road: higher polluters pay fee Outside ring: suburban park-and-ride Source: ATAC

26. TDM IN THE UK TRAVEL PLANS AND PERSONALISED TRAVEL PLANNING TRAVEL PLANS AND PERSONALISED TRAVEL PLANNING

27. Workplace travel plans (MM) in UK Estimated that by 2007 in UK, travel plans in place for: 40% local authorities 50% colleges/universities 20% hospitals 10% businesses with more than 100 staff Travel plans required in all major new developments Impacts e.g. Wellcome Trust, 800 staff research institution near Cambridge – cut car use to 47% of trips Median cost – around €60/employee Estimated that by 2007 in UK, travel plans in place for: 40% local authorities 50% colleges/universities 20% hospitals 10% businesses with more than 100 staff Travel plans required in all major new developments Impacts e.g. Wellcome Trust, 800 staff research institution near Cambridge – cut car use to 47% of trips Median cost – around €60/employee

28. Personalised travel plans in UK Study of 16 schemes covering 80,000 households found average reduction in car driver trips of 11% and of car km of 12% Cost around 40€/household Study of 16 schemes covering 80,000 households found average reduction in car driver trips of 11% and of car km of 12% Cost around 40€/household

29. TDM IN THE NETHERLANDS FINANCIAL INCENTIVES Ljubljana Workshop

30. Financial Incentives Financial Incentives Amsterdam Ring Road Reconstruction of beltway around Amsterdam Comprehensive TDM program, including –Free transit pass “mobility card” for 30,000 area employees –Outreach campaign –Personal travel advice service –Camera images at major interchanges on website –Shuttle to rail station –Reduced parking cost at rail park-and-ride lots –Free use of bikes from rail station Increased transit share from 23% to 42% Decreased car share from 61% to 42% Rail share up even after reconstructed roads opened Ljubljana Workshop

31. TDM IN SWEDEN PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER – TDM AS PHILOSOPHY Ljubljana Workshop

32. Swedish TDM Initiatives National policy – 4-stage principle Broad implementation of TDM and MM Comprehensive and comparable evaluation of TDM measures (SUMO) Sustainable Urban Transport Planning – example: Lundamats Bicycle focus Travel plans BRT Mobility Center Land Use Ljubljana Workshop

33. Four-stage Principle Adopted by Swedish Road Administration in 2002 Requires consideration of TDM first Specific problems and road segments need to undergo step-wise evaluation to consider: Step 1-Measures that affect the demand for transport and the choice of mode Step 2-Measures that affect the more efficient use of the existing road network Step 3-Measures that make improvements to existing roads Step 4-Measures that make new investments in road capacity or major rebuilding Ljubljana Workshop

34. LUND, Sweden Sustainable Urban Transport Plan University town in SW Sweden 105,000 in urban area 25,000 commute into Lund 35,000 change at rail station 1969: decided against new arterial 1971: closed center to traffic Priority given to bike and walk Source: Trivector Traffic AB and City of Lund Ljubljana Workshop

35. LUND, Sweden Sustainable Urban Transport Plan (LundaMaTs) Lund Environmentally-friendly Transport 1. Introduction of sustainable planning 2. Recognition of bicycle city 3. Extended public transportation integrated with land use 4. Environmentally-friendly car traffic 5. Employer trip reduction Adopted in 1997 Source: Trivector Traffic AB Ljubljana Workshop

36. LUND, Sweden Implementation of LUNDAMATS Governmental co-funding of 4 projects Bicycle city Walk and bike to school The Lund Link – BRT system Mobility Centre More than $42 million over 6 years (35% from governmental funds) Goal to maintain 1995 traffic levels in 2005 Phase I 1998-2004; Phase II initiated Source: Trivector Traffic AB Ljubljana Workshop

37. LUND, Sweden Acceptance of LUNDAMATS: How has it changed your behavior? Source: Trivector Traffic AB Ljubljana Workshop

38. LUND, Sweden Impact of LUNDAMATS: Comparing 1995 and 2005 per capita travel Ljubljana Workshop

39. LUND, Sweden LUNDAMATS: The Keys to Success Educate residents about sustainable travel Involve politicians early in the process Carefully and thoroughly evaluate both process and impacts Sources: Peter Jönsson and City of Lund Ljubljana Workshop

40. Final Thoughts TDM can be useful mitigation strategy at worksite, school or new development TDM is comprised of many measures, BUT… TDM is most effective when implemented as integrated packages (as with CIVITAS) TDM should be integrated into system operations TDM is a philosophy aimed at realizing a sustainable transport future Ljubljana Workshop

41. THANKS! Eric Schreffler estc@san.rr.com Tom Rye t.rye@napier.ac.uk Ljubljana Workshop