1. Candide Enlightenment Philosophes Animated sun with spinning text
To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:
Animated sun with spinning text
(Intermediate)
Select the circle clip art on the slide. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Emphasis click Spin.
To reproduce the clip art on this slide, do the following:
On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous.
On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.
On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box, enter 4.0.
On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Clip Art.
On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then click Clockwise and then click Quarter Spin.
In the Clip Art pane, in the Search for box, enter In the Search in list, select Everywhere, and then click Go. Select the clip art file in the pane to insert it into the slide. (Note: If you choose another clip art file, the clip art must be in the Windows Metafile format [.wmf].)
On the slide, select the text box. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Fade.
On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Ungroup.
In the Microsoft Office PowerPoint dialog box, click Yes.
On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box, enter 3.0.
On the slide, select the converted clip art. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane.
On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Emphasis click Spin.
In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the top-level group. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Ungroup.
Also in the Selection and Visibility pane, select the Autoshape object, and then press DELETE.
On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then click Clockwise and then click Half Spin.
Press CTRL+A to select all of the objects on the slide. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Group.
Select the group. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shape Effects, point to Preset, and then under Presets click Preset 8 (second row, fourth option from the left).
With the group still selected, under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher, and do the following:
On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box, enter 1.0.
On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Delay box, enter 3.0.
On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the Show Additional Effect Options dialog box launcher, and then do the following:
On the Size tab, under Scale, select Lock aspect ratio.
On the Effect tab, under Settings, in the Amount list, in the Custom box enter 30°, and then press ENTER.
On the Size tab, under Size, enter 6.27” in the Height box.
On the Position tab, in the Horizontal box, enter 3.89”.
On the Effect tab, under Settings, in the Amount list, select Counterclockwise.
On the Position tab, in the Vertical box, enter 1.55”
To reproduce the text on this slide, do the following:
To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following:
On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box.
On the Design tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:
Drag to draw a text box on the slide.
Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Candara from the Font list, and then select 32 pt. from the Font Size list. Click Italic, and then, in the Font Color list, under Standard Colors select Orange (third option from the left).
In the Type list, select Linear.
In the Angle box, enter 90.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stops or Remove gradient stops until two stops appear in the slider.
Select the text box on the slide, and then under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:
In the Shape Height box, enter 7.29”.
In the Shape Width box, enter 7.29”.
Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:
Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the WordArt Styles group, click Text Effects, point to Transform, and under Follow Path select Arch Up (first option from the left).
In the Position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left).
To wrap the text upside down, at the bottom of the text box, drag the pink adjustment diamond from the center left position in the text box to the lower right corner of the text box.
In the Transparency box, enter 0%.
With the text box still selected, under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher, and then on the Position tab do the following:
Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left).
In the Horizontal box, enter 3.38”.
In the Vertical box, enter 1.04”.
Also under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click Send Backward.

2. Voltaire François-Marie d'Arouet 1694–1778 Paris, France
Writer and Philosopher
Critic
Social Activist
Liberty
the fourth of five children, to a well-to-do public official and his well bred aristocratic wife.
He wrote essays, plays, novels, stories, political essays, poems
Criticized other philosophers

3. Philosophies Free will exists
Religion is a necessary guarantor of social order
Hedonistic morality
Skepticism is good
Empirical facts
Optimism is ignoring the empirical facts in
humans are not deterministic machines of matter and motion
those equipped to understand their own reason could find the proper course of free action themselves. But since many were incapable of such self-knowledge and self-control- he did not exactly believe in god, but in the need for religion
celebration of moral freedom through sexual liberty- morality grounded in the positive valuation of personal, and especially bodily, pleasure, and an ethics rooted in a hedonistic calculus of maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain (Paquette)
hedonistic worldly living as a positive force for society- nothing wrong with seeking happiness and pleasure because it advances progress in life (Martin on no one is happy)
Lack of Skepticism is when doubt meets imagination. no authority, no matter how sacred, should be immune from challenge by critical reason (Candide) He was terribly hostile towards clergy
One can only rely on empirical fact to find truth
when at the very end they are happy because they stopped questioning/ Martin makes Candide analyze the world and who is happy

4. John Locke August 29th 1632 – October 28th 1704
Physician and philosopher
Wrote many treatises
Empiricist
Knowledge comes from senses
Liberal
Individuals have rights
Limited governments must protect these rights
Locke was born in 1632 in England
He wrote many treatises on government and man
He was an empiricist, which meant that he believed one’s understanding of the world came from sensory experiences
He is regarded as the Father of Liberalism
He wrote voluminous works on the subject
Basic philosophy:
Individuals have certain inalienable rights (free speech, liberty, equality, property)
Governments must protect these rights and do no more
Humans are often stripped of Locke’s rights in Candide
Candide often loses what is rightfully his
Land, wealth
Candide is forced to fight for those he does not agree with
Candide rarely has control over political occurrences

6. Thomas Hobbes April 5 1588 – December 4 1679 Solely a philosopher
Wrote Leviathan
Walked between Liberalism and Monarchial Soveriegnty
Hobbes was born in 1588 in England
He wrote many works, but his greatest was Leviathan
Established the idea of the social contract
Humans are, by nature, violent
They enter into a common contract to protect each other against harm
We give up certain rights when we enter into societies
He still believed in some liberal ideas
Humans have rights, we just must give some of those up to live together
Government should represent people to the best of its ability
In Candide, many of the societies operate under Hobbes’ ideas
Monarchs have absolute rule
People often join together for protection, but give up freedoms
Martin- travels with Candide, gives up freedom to do what he wants
People are shown to be generally bad
Auto-da-fe
Robbers
Soldiers

8. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1646–1716
born in Leipzig, Germany
1672 Diplomat in Paris
15 Published Books
Discourse on Metaphysics
known as the last “universal genius”.
He made deep and important contributions to the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, logic, philosophy of religion, as well as mathematics, physics, geology, jurisprudence, and history
in 1672, when Leibniz was given the single most important opportunity of his life: the Elector of Mainz sent him on a diplomatic mission to Paris, the center of learning and science at the time. (4 yrs) then became librarian after his employer died
Many unpublished works too

9. Four Principles The Principle of the Best
God always acts for the best
Predicate-in-Notion Principle
the notion of the predicate is in some way included in that of the subject.
Principle of Contradiction
“That which involves a contradiction [is] false, and that which is opposed or contradictory to the false [is] true.”
Principle of Sufficient Reason
“Nothing is without reason”
“There is no effect without a cause”
Panglos

10. Jean Jacques Rousseau 1712- 1778 Calvinist Geneva
Wanted to become a priest, then an itinerant musician, settled for a tutor
Abandoned his five children in a hospital
Reconverted to Calvinism
political philosophy and moral psychology
Criticized philosophers
Born a privileged “citizen” he converted to Roman Catholicism when 16 traveling to France,
Hospital- certain death sentence Voltaire criticized him for it
Conversion to gain citizenship status

11. Lettres Morales
human beings are increasingly dependent on one another for the satisfaction of their needs
human beings are good by nature but are rendered corrupt by society
Philosophers are rationalizers of self-interest, as apologists of tyranny, and as playing a role in the alienation of humanity's natural impulse to compassion
derive their very sense of self from the opinion of others
Religious toleration and fallibility of inquisition
Learning not by lecturing but by experience
He focuses a lot on idea of passion as a human need
Candide leaves Eldorado for the Cundegonde
Candide murders Cundegonde’s brother because he being mean
Panglos seems to have no heart just a brain and Martin does not feel bad for ppl at all
Lisbon Inquisition of Jews (he did not believe that a state could have a process for determining the devotion of an individual)
Candide accepts Panglos’s theories without questioning then and at the end realizes that they r wrong

12. Denis Diderot 1713-1784 Langres, France Encyclopedia Writer
Pensees philosophiques
Lettre sur les aveugles
Moved to Paris and was poor until ppl recognized his writing skills
He is most famous for compiling and editing the encyclopedia

13. Philosophies
All things must be examined, debated, investigated without exception and without regard for anyone’s feelings.
Pensees philosophiques
Attacked atheism and received Chritianity
Lettre sur les aveugles
Criticized the conventional morality of the day
Alluded to the mistress of a minister
Panglos on Earthquake
The Inquisition in Lisbon
All the Churchmen with children n mistresses: The Inquisitor, the Pope, The Friar+ Paquette, the thief Friar

14. Rene Descartes 1596- La Haye, France Went to Jesuit college
Geometry and Algebra
New concept of Matter
Meditationes de Prima Philosophia
1641
Making connections
philosophical groundwork for the possibility of the sciences

15. Philosophies The Principles The Meditations The Passions
Proves God’s existence
Unsound evidence
The Meditations
Questions the possibility of knowledge
The Passions
Passions of the soul are mental activities that can move us to action
Must be controlled
Four parts based on each-other (no evidence makes Voltaire mad)
Knowledge by observation and experience (Candide never seems to learn from his experience tho, too trusting, plus his learned master has taught him nothing of use)
Candide kills the Brother

16. Sir Thomas More 1478-1535 London, England Lord Chancellor
Renaissance Humanist
Utopia
1516
He was a lawyer, social philosopher, writer
Served under HenryVIII
Considered a saint by Catholic Church
In Latin
Describes the Travels of Raphael Hythlodeaus through the perfect island country

17. Utopia Perfectly orderly, reasonable social arrangements
Communal ownership of land
Both men and women are educated
Complete religious toleration
Slavery
Gold not liked, jewelry only for children
Money only necessary for commodities
Welfare
No lawyers
Contrasts European society
No private property goods stored in warehouses
Equally
Except for atheists-because no God means no higher authority than man’s wishes
Each household has two slaves with golden chains/ slaves released for good behavior
Golden chamber pots- only used for shameful things so ppl do not want it
And bribing foreign nations to fight each other
Free hospitals and euthanasia, priests marry
Law is simple enough for all to understand

18. John Stuart Mill May 20 1806 – May 8 1873 Philosopher and economist
Member of Parliament
Wrote On Liberty
Utilitarianism
Anybody can do anything as long as no harm is caused
Social Liberty
Tyranny of Majority
Born in 1806 in England
Held many job titles, but he contributed most to society in philosophy and economy
Wrote On Liberty
Outlined his views of utilitarianism- that anybody can do whatever they please as long as it does not harm others
Also believed in social liberty: rulers must rule to the interests of the people, and thus their powers must be limited
Tyranny of Majority: the minority must be protected against the beliefs of the majority
In Candide, Pangloss shares a similar theory
If everything works for the best, then it is best
Also, Candide seems to share this to some extent
He operates on the belief that others are good, and keeping to oneself is the best possible route

20. Major Philosophies Liberalism Social Contracts
Voltaire walks between these two ideas
Is it the “best of all possible worlds?”
Happiness
The two largest themes in Candide are those of Liberalism and Social Contracts
Some characters believe all is good and the people should be left to their own devices
Others believe that people are generally bad and it is better to be a part of a system than to be on one’s own
Voltaire tends to make fun of the idealism of Liberals while showing the debilitating effects of a completely negative outlook on life
Candide seems to say that this is not “the best of all possible worlds” but it’s the best one we’ve got, and we must make due with what we have