1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. Introduction: early studies: treating illnesses and injuries.
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Introduction:
early studies: treating illnesses and injuries.
Superstitions, magic, herbs
medicine standardized terms in Greek and Latin.

3. Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy structure (morphology) of the body and its parts; in other words, what are things called?
Physiology functions of these parts “how do they work?”
interrelated because the functional role of a part depends on how it is constructed.

4. Levels of Organization:

5. human body: parts studied at a variety of levels of organization.
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Levels of Organization:
human body: parts studied at a variety of levels of organization.
1. Atoms are the simplest level.
2. Two or more atoms comprise a molecule.
3. Macromolecules are large, biologically important molecules inside cells.
4. Organelles are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell.

6. 6. Tissues are groups of cells functioning together.
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5. Cells are the basic living unit.
6. Tissues are groups of cells functioning together.
7. Groups of tissues form organs.
8. Groups of organs function together as organ systems.
9. Organ systems functioning together make up an organism.

7. Organization of the Human Body
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Organization of the Human Body
The body divided into:
appendicular portion (upper and lower limbs)
axial portion (head, neck, and trunk),
Major features of the human body include:
Cavities
Membranes
organ systems.

8. Body Cavities: dorsal and a ventral cavity
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Body Cavities:
dorsal and a ventral cavity
Organs within these cavities are viscera.

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a. dorsal cavity can be divided into two areas:
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
b. ventral cavity is made up of:
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity: can be divided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.
A broad, thin muscle called the diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
c. Smaller cavities within the head include the oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities.

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11. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes:
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Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
Membranes:
1. thoracic cavity is lined with pleural membranes;
parietal pleura: lines the cavities
visceral pleura: covers the lungs
A thin layer of serous fluid separates the two layers.
2. heart is surrounded by pericardial membranes.
parietal pericardium: outer sac
visceral pericardium: covers the heart
Serous fluid separates the two layers.
3. abdominopelvic cavity is lined with peritoneal membranes
parietal peritoneum: lines the wall
visceral peritoneum covers the organs.

12. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes

13. Organ Systems, based on the function:
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Body Covering
a. integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, various glands
covers the body, senses changes outside the body, and helps regulate body temperature.

14. Support and Movement a. skeletal S: bones and ligaments.
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Support and Movement
a. skeletal S: bones and ligaments.
supports, protects, provides frameworks, stores inorganic salts, and houses blood-forming tissues.
b. muscular S: muscles
provide body movement, posture, and body heat.

15. Integration and Coordination
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Integration and Coordination
a. nervous S: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs.
integrates incoming information from receptors and sends impulses to muscles and glands.
b. endocrine S: glands that secrete hormones
helps to integrate metabolic functions.

16. Transport a. cardiovascular s: heart and blood vessels,
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Transport
a. cardiovascular s: heart and blood vessels,
Distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing wastes from the cells.
b. lymphatic s: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen,
drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity.

17. Absorption and Excretion
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Absorption and Excretion
a. digestive s: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients.
b. respiratory s: lungs and passageways.
exchanges gases between the blood and air
c. urinary s: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra,
removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte balance.

18. Reproduction a. reproductive s: produces new organisms.
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Reproduction
a. reproductive s: produces new organisms.
i. male: testes, accessory organs, and vessels
conduct sperm to the penis.
ii. Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia.
houses the developing offspring.

19. Anatomical Terminology
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Relative Positions: describe location of one body part with respect to another.
superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial (peripheral), deep.

20. 1. sagittal: divides body into R-L
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Body Sections:
1. sagittal: divides body into R-L
2. transverse: divides body into superior-inferior (cross section)
3. coronal: divides body into anterior-posterior

21. Body Regions 1. abdominal area: divided into 9 regions.
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Body Regions
1. abdominal area: divided into 9 regions.
2. Terms: Fig