1. The Age of Enlightenment
Classical Era
The Age of Enlightenment

2. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Classical Era Louis XIV, XV
Frederick the Great
Catherine the Great
POWER
WEALTH
Classical Era
French and American Revolutions
Middle class becomes more influential
“The first law is to enjoy oneself.”

3. The Enlightenment What’s IN? What’s OUT?
rational, logical, empirical, reasoned
What’s OUT?
Status quo, supernatural (What comes into question?)
The “brotherhood of man” becomes a popular theme, and Freemasonry grows. Both of these are, to some degree, at odds with the principals of enlightenment thinking.
Contradiction, inconsistency, paradox = quite acceptable, almost the norm.

4. The Classical Era
European society is becoming more cosmopolitan.

5. The Classical Era
“Classical,” “classic,” “classicism”= very broad terms; not particularly well suited to describe this time in history. Interest in clean, simple lines of classical Greek architecture may provide connection.
Approximately the 18th Century

6. Classicism Defined
The period of the ancient Greeks and Romans
A standard (enduring)
Genre of music
Time period

7. The Classical Era
Cultural, societal adolescence--much change (often violent) & growth
Industrial revolution:
move from agrarian to industrial economy
migration from country to cities
huge cities--e.g., 1800 Vienna = 250,000!!
American and French Revolutions:
Europe in turmoil caused by Napoleon’s expansionism after French Revolution
redefine relationship of government and people

8. The Classical Era
How is the relationship of government/aristocracy and common people redefined?
IndIvIdual becomes central. Government exists to serve ME; I do not exist to serve government (and, no, I will NOT eat cake...).
The American and French Revolutions illustrate the point.

9. The Rise of the Middle Class
a VIMP sociological process
industrialization produces more money for lower classes
eventually more “wealth” produces more leisure time
more leisure time leads to search for entertainment that produces
fundamental changes in the arts:
music functions mostly as Entertainment (not worship as in Baroque era)

10. Classical Thinking Reason was supreme Sought the perfect society
Enlightenment
Beauty
Rules were valuable

11. Classical Period Art

12. Rococo Emphasis on ultra beauty and nature
Less dramatic (more sweet) than Baroque
Themes: aimed at the wealthy class
Lighter, frivolous
Picnics, lovers, Greek gods
Portraits

13. Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing, 1768-9

14. Art in the 18th Century Baroque had been the style from 1600 to 1750
Elaborate, impressive
Show glory of church and/or state
New direction was disputed
Baroque
Classical (Simpler)
Rococo (Sweeter, nature)

15. Jacques Louis David
Napoleon Crossing
the Alps

16. Jacques Louis David
Coronation of Napoleon

17. Jacques Louis David
Napoleon
in his study

18. Sculpture and Architecture
Horatio Greenough
Washington
University of Virginia (Designer – T. Jefferson)

19. Architecture
Recalled ancient classical
U.S. Capital
Monticello

20. Petit Trianon, Versailles, France 1764 (Louis XVI) NEO-CLASSICAL

21. Fragonard, The Swing, 1769
Rococo

22. David, The Death of Socrates, 1787
NEO-CLASSICAL

23. Date data Caravaggio, The Calling of St Matthew; Baroque beginnings
1600 –
1742 –
Handel’s Messiah oratorio
1776 – Amer. Rev.
1787 –
J.L. David Death of Socrates (Mozart, Don Giovanni)
1789 – French Rev.

24. Literature and Philosophy
Age of Enlightenment
Literature and Philosophy

25. The Enlightenment
Application of the scientific method to social problems
Parallel to the scientific awakening
Foundation of Classical art and music
The world behaves according to patterns and these ought to be obeyed

26. Basic Premises
Scientific method can answer fundamental questions about society
Human race can be educated and all people are important
Emergence of the middle class
Belief in God based on reason

27. Growth of Deism
Intellectuals believe in God but see him as a "watchmaker"
Deists skeptical of organized religion
Catholic church was attacked
Deists struggle with personal standards
Denial of providence (Voltaire) disputed by others (Pope, Rousseau)
Denial of evil

28. Thomas Hobbes Empiricism
"All that is real is material, and what is not material is not real." – Hobbes

29. Thomas Hobbes Government
"[Early man was] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short... [and in a constant state of] warre, [living in] continual fear and danger of violent death.“ – Leviathan
Absolute monarchy sent by God to help mankind
Hobbes' concepts used to justify colonialization

30. John Locke The forefather of our forefathers Attacked by Charles II
Friend of Newton
Influential in American
revolution

31. John Locke Government Second treatise of Civil Government
Chaos without government
God gave mankind natural rights
Life, liberty, pursuit of property
Innate goodness of mankind led to formation of governments
Governments, which were formed by the people, must guarantee the rights of the people
People have a right to rebel against tyrannies

32. John Locke Theory of Knowledge Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Reasoning puts man above animals
Rejected concept that ideas are innate
Outer ideas from experience
Inner ideas from contemplation
Mankind can attain all knowledge

33. Alexander Pope English Poet
Contributed to political thought and love of language
Believed that God was in control of the earth and that all things were ultimately for our good
Essay on Man
Essay on Criticism
Many famous sayings came from these books

34. “Trust not yourself; but your defects to know,
Make use of every friend – and every foe.
A little learning is a dangerous thing;”
– Alexander Pope from Essay on Criticism

35. Jonathan Swift Hated injustice Politically active Satirist
Gulliver’s Travels
A Modest Proposal…

36. “For of what use is freedom of thought if it does not produce freedom of action?”
Swift, “On Abolishing Christianity” (1708) [Quoted in Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence, 2000, p.273]

37. Philosophe French name for philosopher
Enlightenment reached height in France

38. Voltaire Pen name Critical of Catholic church
Influenced others by letters
Denied writings to avoid problems
Exiled to England for a while
Returned to live on Swiss border

39. “The individual who persecutes another because he is not of the same opinion is nothing less than a monster.”
Voltaire

40. “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Voltaire

41. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Contest: "Does progress in the arts and sciences correspond with progress in morality?"
No!
As civilizations progress, they move away from morality
Examples: Romans, Greeks, Egyptians
Civilization itself leads away from true fundamentals
Technology and art give false desires
Social Contract
“Noble Savage”

42. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Influence on French and American revolutions
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Invest all rights and liberties into a society
Compare to a corporation

43. “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.”
Rousseau

44. Summary of Rousseau's Teachings
Old System
(Powerful Ruler or Chaos)
New System
(Social Contract Concepts)
Instinct
Justice
Strength and intelligence
People equal on moral rights
Might
Right
Natural inclinations
Reason
Personal liberty
Civil liberty

45. Denis Diderot Encyclopedia Teach people how to think critically
Solicited articles from many experts
Controversial articles brought criticism
Overall, moved forward the ideas of Enlightenment

46. "The good of the people must be the great purpose of government
"The good of the people must be the great purpose of government. By the laws of nature and of reason, the governors are invested with power to that end. And the greatest good of the people is liberty. It is to the state what health is to the individual."
- Diderot in L'Encyclopedie: Article on Government, quoted in Barzun, Jacques, From Dawn to Decadence, Perennial, 2000, p370.

47. Immanuel Kant From Germany Strict habits
The Critique of Pure Reason and …Practical Reason
Weakness of Empiricism
Transcendentalism
Empiricism and other knowledge
Ex: infinity
Categorical Imperative

48. "You should behave with only those types of behavior that are dictated by the absolute nature of the basic principle on which the act is based."
"Act as if your actions would become a moral maxim (principle or model) for all others and at all times."
– From Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative

49. David Hume Scottish philosopher Leader of empiricism movement
Grew to distrust all

50. Adam Smith Scottish professor Wealth of Nation (1776)
Free trade/capitalism
Devised capitalism
Laissez Faire la nature
Literally, "let do": a philosophy that advocates minimal government interference in the economy.

51. Edward Gibbon Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Urged reform in England
Anti-religious bias

52. Effects of the Enlightenment
England
Civil war and establishment of a limited monarchy
Anger in the colonies because they are treated differently than "mother England"
France
No immediate change but seething discontent that will lead to revolution
Other countries
Attempts to adopt Enlightenment principles

53. Enlightened Despots Frederick II of Prussia (r. 1740-1786)
Rebelled against father
Later developed finest army
Built Sans Souci (Potsdam)
Invited Voltaire to the court

54. Enlightened Despots Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796)
German born wife of Czar Peter III
Controlled government after Peter III’s accidental(?) death
Increased European culture in Russia
Peasant Reforms
Territorial Expansion
Corresponded with Diderot

55. Enlightened Despots Gustav III of Sweden (r. 1771-1792)
Forced Parliament to accept new constitution
Stimulated literature
Charles III of Spain (r )
Bourbon family
Improved life for Spanish
Suppressed Jesuits

56. Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria (r. 1740-1780)
16 children
Economic reforms
Limited power of the Pope
Reduced power of the lords
Joseph abolished serfdom
Poland divided

57. Enlightened Despots vs. Absolute Rulers
Focused on
improving country
Economic
reform
Sought advise
Reluctant to change
Economic disasters
Dictated

58. French Revolution

59. Causes and Attitudes The Enlightenment Anglophile feeling in France
The American Revolution
French system’s lack of change
Louis XVI clung to Absolutism
King’s response to the poor
Class resentment
Economic problems

60. First Stage (1789-1793) King desired new tax to stabilize economy
Estates General (3 estates)
Not met for 150 years
Needed to meet
Certified by Parlement (high court)
Election in early 1789
Finally met in Spring 1789
3rd Estate walked out

61. First Stage National Assembly (1789-1793)
3rd estate met in indoor tennis court
Resolved to stay in session until constitution could be written
King couldn't get money
King instructed 1st and 2nd estates to meet with National Assembly
3rd estate doubled their numbers
1st and 2nd sat on right, 3rd sat on left
Formed municipal government
First Stage

62. First Stage Events at Bastille Revolts in the countryside
July 14, 1789
Municipal government trying to get arms
Revolts in the countryside

63. Actions of the National Assembly
Destruction of privilege
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Secularization of the church
New constitution

64. Second Stage Radical revolution
Disillusionment of the lower class (inflation)
Girondists (moderates) had no strong leader
France drawn into war with Europe
Failure in wars (1st coalition, )
Moderates removed as leaders of National Assembly
Counter-revolutions
King and queen arrested
Jacobins take control

65. Second Stage Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
Committee for Public Safety
France losing war with others in Europe
Reforms
Metric system
New calendar
Universal suffrage
Slavery eliminated
Paris commune
Land redistribution
Defaced churches
Guillotine
20,000 die
King and queen die

66. Third Stage—Return of the moderates (1794-1799)
Thermidorian reaction
Counter-revolution
"Whiff of grapeshot"(1795)
Death of Marat, Danton, Robespierre
Moderates gained control of National Convention
Return of expatriate noblemen allowed (money)
National Assembly re-elected
Adoption of new constitution
Rule by the Directory

67. Third Stage—Return of the moderates
The Directory governed
Some military successes (Napoleon)
Directory criticized for poor leadership
Directory desperate for a popular leader
2nd Coalition ( ) formed
Napoleon invited to be consul

69. You Went The Wrong Way, Old King Louie by Allan Sherman
Louis the Sixteenth was the King of France in He was worse than Louis the Fifteenth. He was worse than Louis the Fourteenth. He was worse than Louis the Thirteenth. He was the worst since Louis the First. King Louis was living like a king,
but the people were living rotten. So the people, they started an uprising which they called the French Revolution, and of course you remember their battle cry, which will never be forgotten:
You went the wrong way, Old King Louie. You made the population cry. 'Cause all you did was sit and pet With Marie Antoinette In your place at Versailles.
And now the country's gone kablooie. So we are giving you the air. That oughta teach you not to Spend all your time fooling 'round At the Folies Bergere.
If you had been a nicer king, We wouldn't do a thing, But you were bad, you must admit. We're gonna take you and the Queen Down to the guillotine, And shorten you a little bit.
You came the wrong way, Old King Louie. And now you ain't got far to go. Too bad you won't be here to see That great big Eiffel Tower, Or Brigitte Bardot.
To you King Louie we say fooey. You disappointed all of France. But then what else could we expect From a king in silk stockings And pink satin pants.
You filled your stomach with chop suey. And also crepe suzettes and steak. And when they told your wife Marie That nobody had bread, she said "Let 'em eat cake."
We're gonna take you and the Queen Down to the guillotine, It's somewhere in the heart of town. And when that fella's through With what he's gonna do, You'll have no place to hang your crown.
You came the wrong way Old King Louie. Now we must put you on the shelf. That's why the people are revolting, 'cause Louie, You're pretty revolting yourself!

70. NOT V.

71. NOT IT’S ALL EMOTIONS – IT IS A QUESTION OF WHAT KINDS OF EMOTIONS
HEART vs. HEAD
EMOTION vs. INTELLECT
IT’S ALL EMOTIONS – IT IS A QUESTION OF WHAT KINDS OF EMOTIONS

72. Music of the Classical Era
Began: death of Bach
Ended: Beethoven (mid-life)

73. Music changes to meet Middle Class needs
more music-making in the home creates needs:
simpler music for less skilled musicians
music industry (instrument manufacture, publishing, performing organizations)
music education (instrument & voice lessons, composition, appreciation)
opera: characters and plots revolve around commoners, not the aristocracy or mythology as in the Baroque era. Plots often ridicule the aristocracy.

74. Music in the Classical Era
Austria (particularly Vienna) and Germany are the cultural centers.
Patronage, an important music/economic institution in the mid-1700s breaks down by Why?
Concert Halls and opera houses flourish providing entertainment for middle class audiences.
Publishers influence what composers write. [Why? What is the connection to middle class music-making?]

75. Music in the Classical Era
Much more secular music is composed and performed. The religious fervor of earlier Baroque composers such as Bach is gone.

76. Music in the Classical Era
Function of Music: Entertainment
in the concert hall, opera hall, theater, estate drawing room
In the home--filler of leisure time (Gebrauchmusik, i.e., “useful” music.) [Useful for what?]
dancing is VIMP pastime
“Music must meet listeners where they are.” What are the implications of this statement?

77. Ruminate on... patronage and
Haydn
Mozart
Beethoven
why the French Revolution and industrialization led to the demise of patronage.
why less complex music is favored in classical culture.

78. Viennese Classical Style
Characteristics of the
Viennese Style
● Dedication to form
from Germany
● Strong melody
from Italy
Vienna

79. Classicism in Music Viennesse School: Four Composers
Franz Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van Beethoven
Franz Schubert

80. Patronage System Exchange of artistic services for A place to live
A Salary
Clothes
Rank in Society
Depends on the patron.
Servant to aristocratic patronage.

81. Music of the Classical Era
Written for middle class
Non-sophisticated Listener
Simple and Melodic Themes
Bach: Fugue Mozart: Eine Kleine…
Large Room
Bach: Air Beethoven: 9th
Movements have beginning, middle, end
Bach: Brandenburg Beethoven: 5th
Easier to play
Bach: Fugue Beethoven: Für Elise

82. “I write my music in order that the weary and worn or the men burdened with affairs might enjoy a few minutes of solace and refreshment.”
— Haydn

83. Structure of Music Melody carried the interest
Form still needed to give meaning
Note power of the human voice
Instrumental music uses strong melody as power

84. Style in Classical Music
Melody – singable symmetrical, lyrical.
Harmony- diatonic, tonic to dominant relationships
Rhythm – regular and symmetrical
Texture- Homophonic with some polyphony at times.
Folk elements: national themes, folk themes, dances etc. used in instrumental works.

85. “There can be no art
without form.”
Igor Stravinsky

86. Musical Objectives Explore major-minor system
Develop homophonic system
Focus on simple melody
Chords and cadences
Large structures
Cultivate human voice
Explore new instruments

87. STYLISTIC TRANSFORMATIONS
Introduction of a new instrument, the fortepiano
Contrasted with strings and winds
Favored by amateurs and rising middle class
Development of the “Accompanied Sonata”

88. Music and Literary Analogy
Musical notes
Musical phrases
Musical themes
Musical movements
Symphonies
Letters
Words
Sentences
Chapters or short stories
Books

89. Forms of Movements Theme and Variation Rondo Minuet and Trio
Sonata-allegro form

90. Forms of Entire Works
Concerto (expanded)
Symphony

91. Classical Architecture and Music

92. Music Journalism
CA 1790 Music Journalism exploded on the European scene.
“Intellect, intellect, intellect!” Herr Beethoven’s music is too complex. It isn’t musical entertainment; it’s intellectual “mind games.” Once again Beethoven wrote something that no one wants to hear.
He is known to have replied to one reporter,
“Of course you don’t understand it. I wrote the piece for future generations. They will understand and appreciate it.”
He was correct.
Middle class people wanted to read about ANYTHING MUSIC! They bought music newspapers, journals, and magazines by the millions. They praised Beethoven’s pianistic virtuosity (until deafness curtailed his playing), but condemned most of his compositions!

93. Music of the Classical Era
Characteristics (Viennese style)
Dedication to form
From the Germans
Strong melody
From the Italians
Homophonic
Vienna

94. Overview The SYMPHONY emerges CHAMBER MUSIC emerges
OPERA continues & evolves
Three major composers: HAYDN MOZART BEETHOVEN

95. LIFE-TIME-LINES BEETHOVEN 1770-1827 MOZART 1756-1789 HAYDN 1732-1809
1820

96. Musical Influences
Influence of Turkish music (Janissary band) felt in Vienna and Berlin due to the amount of Turkish immigrants to Austria.
Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven wrote Turkish Marches.
Added percussion to orchestra
Bass drum, triangle, cymbals
Whirling dervish ceremony imitated in Beethoven

97. SUMMARY – 18TH CENTURY IDEAS – Enlightenment & rationalist Criticism
ART – 3 genres: Rococo, Neo-Classical, Bourgeois (Genre)
MUSIC – Genres such as the SYMPHONY and the STRING QUARTET emerge, all emphasizing CLARITY of musical ideas and the organization of CONTRAST, exemplified by SONATA FORM
key composers: HAYDN, MOZART & early Beethoven
In the original French, a bourgeois was originally merely a free inhabitant of a bourg, or town. Through a natural evolution it became the label for members of the property-owning class, then of the middle class. As an adjective it is used with contempt by bohemians and Marxists to label conservatives whose views are not sufficiently revolutionary. The class made up of bourgeois (which is both the singular and the plural form) is the bourgeoisie.

98. NOT V.
HEART vs. HEAD
EMOTION vs. INTELLECT

99. IT’S ALL EMOTIONS – IT IS A QUESTION OF WHAT KINDS OF EMOTIONS
NOT
IT’S ALL EMOTIONS – IT IS A QUESTION OF WHAT KINDS OF EMOTIONS