1. The French Revolution Chapter 20 Sec 1 Pages 593-599
Liberty
Equality
Fraternity

2. How do you know when a system is unfair?

3. What you will learn
Problems in French society led to a revolution, the formation of a new government, and the end of the monarchy.

4.
Crash Course

5. Key Concept:
How did the Enlightenment evolve and affect society and government?
The scientific revolution shattered long-held views about the universe.
This encouraged Enlightenment thinkers to question society and government:
Locke (contract between government and governed)
Montesquieu (checks and balances)
Rousseau (individual freedom and civilization corrupts)
Voltaire (freedom of thought and expression)
Their beliefs in the natural rights of man inspired the American and French Revolutions.
These ideas were RADICAL!

6. Key Concept… Scientific revolution New thinking encouraged
New thinking leads to revolutions in America and France

7. Ingredients for Revolution- Monoarchy
Monarchy: Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
Put country in debt
Supporting American Revolution
Personal luxuries
Louis XVI
Weak leader
Couldn’t control country’s spending
Couldn’t control wife’s spending

8. Ingredients for Revolution- Marie- Antoinette
Louis XVI Wife
From Austria
Traditional enemy of France
People of France hated her
Austrian Whore
Frivolous and self indulgent

9. Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children9

10. Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant Cottage”10

11. Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant Cottage”11

12. 1,600,000 livres [$100 million today]
The Necklace Scandal
1,600,000 livres [$100 million today] 12

13. Ingredients for Revolution Inspiration
1688: Glorious/Bloodless Revolution in England removes James II
William and Mary take over
No more Catholic kings or queens
No more absolute monarchy
Parliament
Bill of Rights
Enlightenment ideas
American Revolution (1776) and Constitution (1789)

14. Ingredients for Revolution- Inequalities
The Estates in France
1st Estate = clergy = wealthy/no taxes = privileged
2nd Estate = nobles = wealthy/few taxes = privileged
3rd Estate = everybody else
Bourgeoisie/middle class = some wealth = high taxes = some rights
Bankers
Merchants
Professionals
Business owners
Sans Culottes
Farmers and peasants

15. Socio-Economic Data, 1789 15

16. Ingredients for Revolution- Financial Crisis
France is in debt
Wars
Versailles
Kings spending on himself and wife
Tried to tax the 2nd Estate
They refused

17. Ingredients for Revolution- Financial Crisis
Hailstorm and drought in Summer 1788
Ruined crops
No food to feed people
Harsh winter in 1788
Froze rivers
Water wheels froze in grain mills
No food for the people
No money for owners
Hunger and cold grew to misery
Misery became anger
1st and 2nd class could have help by ending tax exemptions but refused

18. The French Urban Poor 18

19. Financial Problems in France, 1789
Urban Commoner’s Budget:
Food %
Rent %
Tithe %
Taxes %
Clothing 20%
TOTAL 170%
King’s Budget:
Interest %
Army %
Versailles 25%
Coronation 10%
Loans %
Admin %
TOTAL % 19

20. French Budget, 1774 20

21. Ingredients for Revolution…
Needed more money = taxes on the 2nd Estate
1789: 2nd Estate forces Louis to call a meeting of Estates-General
First such meeting in 175 years
Purpose was to tax the 3rd Estate
First two estates could out vote the 3rd Estate, even though the 3rd Estate had more people.
The 3rd Estate wants a change in the voting process
representation
Louis sides with 1st and 2nd Estates

22. The Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head!
Clergy
1st Estate
300
Aristocracy
2nd Estate
300
648
Commoners
3rd Estate 22

23. The Suggested Voting Pattern: Voting by Estates
Clergy
1st Estate 1
Aristocracy
2nd Estate 1 1
Commoners
3rd Estate
Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety. 23

24. What’s Happening? What caused the French Revolution?\
Enlightenment ideas; poor leadership; financial crisis; hunger and cold
What groups made up the 1st and 2nd Estate?
1st- clergy; 2nd- nobles
What are some possible reasons for the reluctance of the 1st and 2nd estate to eliminate tax exemptions?
Pride; tradition; lack of empathy for 3rd Estate
What’s Happening?

25. The Fuse Is Lit!
The 3rd estate was upset that there request to vote individually was ignored
They would declare themselves a Legislature
Right to make laws for France
The king NOW would take action
By locking them out of the General Assembly
The 3rd Estate meet at in indoor tennis court and declared they would not leave until they wrote a constitution for France
Tennis Court Oath
The king would finally given and gave each representative a vote
Creates a Monarchy not Absolute

26. “The Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David
June 20, 1789 26

27. The Revolution Goes Off!
Rumors
King to use military against National Assembly
King to send troops to Paris to massacre French citizens
In order to preserve the Monarchy
Citizens arm themselves with whatever they can
July 14, 1789: The Bastille prison is stormed by a mob looking for weapons
Release prisoners (7)
Take some guards hostage and killed others

28. The Great Fear Spreads
Peasants fear retaliation on part of King for Storming of the Bastille
Rumor
Nobles hiring outlaws to attack peasants
Citizens (peasants) break into houses of nobles
Destroy legal papers (can’t owe king or lord what can’t be proved)
Kill nobles
Burn houses
A chateau burns as peasants
riot in the countryside

29. What happened during the 1st events of the Revolution?
3rd Estate demanded more representation and right; mob stormed the Bastille; rumors of retaliation spread
Did the National Assembly created by the 3rd estate have the right to make laws for all of France?
Yes, they represented 97% of the population
Why did the mob storm the Bastille?
To look for weapons
What did the people fear after the fall of the Bastille?
The king would punish them and end the revolution
What’s Happening

30. Statement of Revolutionary Ideals
August 1789: National Assembly adopts Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Influenced by Enlightenment & U.S. Declaration of Independence
“Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.”
Rights included
Liberty
Property
Security
Resistance to oppression
Equal justice
Freedom of speech
Freedom of religion
Revolutionary leaders adopt “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” as motto (fraternity = brotherhood)
Illustration of Declaration
of the Rights of Man and
of the Citizen

31. The Great Fear Spreads…
Alarmed by National Assemblies actions Louis calls in troops to protect the throne in Versailles
Afraid the King would try to crush the revolution the people would react

32. The Great Fear Spreads…
: Women riot at Versailles over cost of bread
Demands:
bread
King and queen agree to return to
Paris
Louis will agree
August 1789: Great Fear spreads to clergy and nobles, more of whom now (out of fear) support National Assembly
National Assembly ends Estate system
Commoners/peasants now equal to clergy and nobles
Now encouraged the Assembly will take even bolder steps

33. State-Controlled Church
Cartoon: “The Zenith of French Glory; The Pinnacle of Liberty.” A French revolutionary watches a beheading while resting his foot on the head of a hanging clergyman.
National Assembly goes after Catholic Church
Takes lands
Sale of church lands helps pay off French debt
Declares clergy will be elected and paid as state officials

34. Formation of a new Government
Sept 3rd, 1791
National Assembly creates new legislative body
(Constitutional Monarchy)
Citizens gain voting rights
Male
Over 25
Taxpayers
Kept monarchy but restricts kings power

35. What’s Happening? How did the French create a new nation?
National assemble completes a constitution; restricted kings power; gave citizens broad rights; ended monarchy
What was the outcome of the women's march on Versailles?
Louis made peace with the crowd and agreed to return to Paris?
Why did the National Assembly turn the clergy into public employees?
They wanted the clergy to be accountable to the public; not part of a separate institution
What’s Happening?

36. Royals Arrested
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette try to sneak out of country
Feared they were not safe
Arrested near Austrian border
Attempted escape made revolutionaries even angrier at royalty
Arrest of Louis XVI and his Family, Varennes, 1791

37. Intervention of Foreign powers
Austria and Prussia issue declaration of warning against harming the French Monarchs
Such action will provoke war
Austria sent 50K troops to French Boarder
French Legislative Assembly declared war
French are defeated
Causes
Lack of funds
Food shortages
High Prices
Results
People blame king
Fear revolution will be
overturned

38. Revolutionary have noting to lose w/ mob action
War and Execution…
Revolutionary have noting to lose w/ mob action
Take Louis and family prisoners and demoted to commoner status
Mobs raid prisons
murder over 1,000 nobles
= September Massacres
Radicals force- Radicals take control
Legislative Assembly votes itself out- fear of radicals
Creation of a new government, National Convention
New government 1st acts
Abolishes monarchy Declares France a republic
Illustration by Armand Fouquier of the September Massacres

39. What challenges were Face by the people of France in August of 1792?
Mob violence, foreign invasion, unstable government
What's Happening

40. Review your notes about the causes and effects of the French Revolution. Then use the graphic organizer to list the causes and the immediate effects of the French Revolution. List 3 (5 Points)

41. THE REPUBLIC
Chapter 20 Sec 2
Pages

42. You are a member of one of the French estates
You are a member of one of the French estates. Write a short letter to the editor of the newspaper, arguing for or against each representative to the Estates- General having one vote.
Bellringer 20.2

43. An extreme government changed French society and tried through harsh means to eliminate its critics within France.
What you will Learn

44. Divisions Develop
All members of the National Convention Supported the revolution
split revolutionaries
Radicals/(Jacobians/ Montagards) Left: get rid of king, redo government
Moderates/ (Girondins) Center: wanted some changes in government
Conservatives/ (The Plain)Right: wanted to keep a limited monarchy with few changes in government

45. Radical Leaders Jean Paul Marat- Advocated violence
Leader of Sans-culottes (the lower-class in Paris) wanted even more radical change
They had no power in the assembly (but that didn’t stop them!)
Two illustrations of sans-culottes

46. Radical Leaders George-Jacques Danton Maximiliem Robespierre
Violent agitator
Compromiser
Popular with public
Didn’t like revolutions excesses
Maximiliem Robespierre
Dedicated to revolution
Became increasing radical
Led National revolution
during it’s bloodiest time

47. War with Prussia continues. Prussia and Austria are joined by England
War and Execution…
National Convention, led by radical Jacobians put Louis XVI on trial and sentence him to death
January 21, 1793: Louis beheaded by guillotine.
War with Prussia continues.
Prussia and Austria are joined by
England
Holland
Spain
National Convention takes extreme step of ordering a draft of men and women
Illustration of the execution of Louis XVI

48. “They have killed our King; chased away our priests; sold the goods of our Church; eaten everything we have; and now they want to take our bodies. No, they shall not have them!”
Peasants begin to be against the revolution

49. Transforming Society
Leaders of new government tried to erase all connections to old ways
1793: Maximilien Robespierre gains power
Vowed to build a “republic of virtue” by erasing France’s past.
Clergy lost positions
Churches closed in Paris
Robespierre created new church
Cult of Supreme Being
People changed title of Bible to Rights of Man
Changed to metric System
New calendars with new names for months

50.                                                                   .
To erase connections with royalty, makers of playing cards replaced the traditional images of kings and queens with revolutionary ideals. For example, in place of the queens were the freedoms of worship, marriage, the press, and the professions
Instead of stiff fussy dresses, women began to wear light, loose ones that recalled the styles of ancient Greece—much admired for its democracy.
Household items also showed revolutionary themes. Here, a wallpaper panel displays revolutionary slogans and a red Phrygian (FRI-jee-uhn) cap. The Phrygian cap became a popular symbol of the Revolution because freed slaves of ancient Rome wore such caps.
Transforming Society

51. Many groups in France fighting for power
Divisions…
Many groups in France fighting for power
Peasants loyal to Catholic Church and/or king
Clergy resisting government control
Rival leaders in different regions of France
Catholic and Royal Armies begin a counter revolution in Western France 51

52. Reign of Terror
Reign of Terror = Robespierre = leader of Committee of Public Safety (Revolutionary Tribunal) and virtual dictator
Goal = protect revolution from its enemies
Bogus arrests, trials
Lots of torture and death
Many “enemies of the revolution” = personal enemies of Robespierre because of their challenges to his power
Apprx. 17,000 killed in 10 months
85% = peasants or middle class, those who were supposed to benefit from the revolution
Foreign opposition is increased due to Reign of Terror

53. End of Terror
1794: Fearing for own safety, members of National Convention turn on Robespierre
Demand his arrest and execution
Reign of Terror ends on July 28, with Robespierre’s execution
Public opinion shifts
Tired of terror
Tired of inflation for necessities

54. A New Government Directory is weak and corrupt
1795: National Convention creates third government since 1789
Gives more power to upper middle class
Creates two-house legislature (like U.S Congress)
Created Directory = five men acting as executive body (like U.S. president)
Directory is weak and corrupt
Directory fall into patterns of Old Regime
Frances troubles will continues
UNTIL…………

55. What’s Happening Why wasn’t the Reign of Terror ended sooner?
If people challenged the policy, they would be tried and executed
What was the new governing board called?
The directory
Why was this new government ineffective?
They were weak and corrupt; fell into patterns of Old Regime
What’s Happening

56. .
Categorize Review your notes about changes during the French Revolution. Then use the interactive graphic organizer to chart the ways in which the French Revolution affected the daily lives of the French people.

57. Napoleon’s Europe
Chapter 20 Sec 3 Pages

58. Write and present a short speech describing the ways you think the Reign of Terror has changed your life.
Bell Ringer 20.3

59. Napoleon Bonaparte rose through military ranks to become emperor over France and much of Europe.
What you will learn

60. Napoleon Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story - Biography.com

61. Napoleon's
Early Career

62. Napoleon’s Rise to Power
Earlier military career  the Italian Campaigns:
 he conquered most of northern Italy for France, and had developed a taste for governing.
In northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble privilege.

63. Napoleon’s Rise to Power
Earlier military career  the Egyptian Campaign:
1798  he was defeated by a British navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.
Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon returned to France and received a hero’s welcome!

64. The Creation of the Consulate
With the government in disarray,
Directory is weak
Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat on November 9, 1799.
Supporters overthrew directory
A new government, the Consulate, was created with Napoleon and 2 others holding the 3 positions.
This is a strong centralized government

65. Napoleon as “First Consul”
He proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title] and did away with the elected Assembly [appointing a Senate instead].
In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life.”-Dictator
Two years later he proclaimed himself “Emperor.”
Held a plebiscite (yes/no vote by public) for each constitutional change.
The public loves him as he bring order to a chaotic country

66. “Napoleon crowning himself emperor”

67. Emperor
Napoleon I

68. The Government of the Consulate
Council of State
Proposed the laws.
Served as a Cabinet & the highest court.
Tribunate
Debated laws, but did not vote on them.
Legislature
Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them.
Senate
Had the right to review and veto legislation.

69. What’s Happening How did Napoleon rise to power?
How did Napoleon use French citizens to gain power?
How did Napoleon become dictator of France?
Did Napoleon achieve more by his victories or by covering up his defeats?
What’s Happening

70. Napoleonic Wars His goal is to conquer all of Europe
Napoleonic wars are extensions of wars between France and Europe
He did manage to control most of Europe with treaties, alliances and war
These wars kept France at war till 1815
Frances greatest Enemy was Great Britain
Great Britain organized a series of coalitions with other countries against France
Napoleon knew he could not feat Europe without defeating Great Britain

71. Continental System Napoleon wanted to weaken Great Britain Finances
He knew that Great Britain economy depended on over seas trade
Continental System
Prohibited French or allied merchants from trading with Great Britain
Great Britain responded by making all ships from neutral countries stop in Great Britain fro permission to trade with France

72. The Continental System

73. What’s happening How did Emperor Napoleon come to dominate Europe?
Was a blockade of Great Britain a good strategy?
How did the continental system affect countries beyond Europe?
What’s happening

74. Peninsular Campaign: 1808-1814
Continental System
1808:
France 
 Spain Portugal England
Portugal did not comply with the Continental System.
France wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal.
Spain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well!

75. “The Spanish Ulcer”
Napoleon tricked the Spanish Bourbon king, Charles V, to come to France, where he imprisoned him.
He proclaimed his brother, Joseph, to be the new king of Spain.
He stationed over 100,000 French troops in Madrid.
On May 2, 1808 [Dos de Mayo] the Spanish rose up in rebellion.
French troops fired on the crowd in Madrid the next day [Tres de Mayo].

76. “Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)

77. “The Spanish Ulcer”
Napoleon now poured 500,00 troops into Spain over the next few years.
But, the French generals still had trouble subduing the Spanish population.
The British viewed this uprising as an opportunity to weaken Napoleon.
They moved an army into Portugal to protect that country and to aid the Spanish guerillas.
In 1814, after 5 long years of savage fighting, French troops were finally pushed back across the Pyrenees Mountains out of Spain.

78. Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

79. Napoleon’s Family Rules!
Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia.
Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain
Louise Bonaparte  King of Holland
Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy
Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome
Elisa Bonaparte  Grand Duchess of Tuscany
Caroline Bonaparte  Queen of Naples

80. Napoleon’s Family & Friends/Allies

81. Do you think placing ones relatives in power an effective way to lead a nation or territory?
What’s Happening?

82. By 1807, Napoleon dominates Continental Europe.
Brings reforms to the conquered lands
Strips away power of the nobility and privilege system throughout Europe
“Napoleon on His Imperial Throne”
1806, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

83. Concordat of 1801
Napoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the confiscation of Church property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
But, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his regime.

84. Concordat of 1801
Catholicism was declared the religion of the majority of Frenchmen.
Papal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution.
Bishops subservient to the regime.
Eventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest.

85. Code Napoleon, 1804 It divides civil law into: Personal status.
Property.
The acquisition of property.
Its purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution.
Create one law code for France.

86. Napoleon and His Code

87. The Influence of the Napoleonic Code
Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.

88. Free Public Education
Established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform.
Created government supervised public school system of uniform education standards.

89. Legion of Honor, 1802
Society created for public recognition to those who had given distinguished military and civil service to France.
Based on merit, not social status.

90. Napoleon Established the Banque de France, 1800
Everyone was expected to pay taxes – no exceptions
Introduced a stable currency & balanced budget
Debts were paid off
Businesses were encouraged.

91. What’s happening? What were Napoleon’s most important policies
Describe the Napoleonic code?
How well did Napoleon implement the principles of the French Revolution?
Why do you think historians may hold different views of Napoleon?
What’s happening?

92. GROG 20.3
Review your notes about Napoleon’s rise to power. Then use the interactive graphic organizer to show the sequence of events that led to his rise to power.

93. Napoleon's Fall and Europe Reaction
Chapter 20 Section 4 Pages

94. After defeating Napoleon, the European allies sent him into exile and held a meeting in Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe.
What you will learn

95. Do you think you would have welcomed Napoleon as a dictator
Do you think you would have welcomed Napoleon as a dictator? Why or why not?
5 points
7 sentence minimum
Bellringer 20.4

96. The “Big Blunder” -- Russia
In July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia.
Many of troops were from
conquered lands and felt no
loyalty to Napoleon
The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon.
They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather (summer heat) would act as “support” for the Russian cause].
The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food.

97. Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow
September 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned.
The Russians had set fire to the city.

98. Moscow Is On Fire!

99. Napoleon’s Retreat
Russian’s force Napoleon to retreat over same scorched fields
Harsh winter
No food
No supplies
No fun
Russian peasants make isolated attacks on French Troops
Napoleon leaves troops and heads back to Paris via sleigh

100. Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813)
100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!

101. What’s Happening? What strategic moves did Russian forces make?
How did Russia’ physical geography affect Napoleon's invasion?
What’s Happening?

102. The 6th Coalition 1813-1814: France New inexperienced troops
Napoléon’s Defeat :
France New inexperienced troops
 Britain, Russia. Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states

103. Napoleon’s Defeat at Leipzig (October 16-17, 1813)
“Battle of the Nations”

104. Napoleon Surrenders! Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814.
Napoleon surrenders on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender.
Napoleon surrenders again on April 11.
Treaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoleon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs.
The royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne.

105. Napoleon’s Surrender

106. Napoleon in Exile on Elba
Island located between Corsica and Italy

107. Louis XVIII (r )
Louis Stanislas Xavier was brother of Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste)
Restored Monarchy
People of France fear
the return of the Old
Regime

108. “The War of the 7th Coalition”
Napoleon’s “100 Days”
1815:
France 
 Britain, Russia Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states
Napoleon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days.

109. Napoleons return to power
He is declared an outlaw
Rumors of his return to France spread
Louis the XVII flees to Belgium
People of France are split
Some were excited for his return
The despise him fro dragging them through years of war
They send troops to arrest him
These troops upon finding him pledge loyality to him instead

110. The "Hundred Days"
(March 20 - June 22, 1815)

111. Battle of Waterloo Napoleon enemies gathered for another show down
British troops led by Duke of Wellington (Great Britain) met Napoleon at the Belgium town of Waterloo
Prussia come to the aid of Great Britain
Together the 2 forces defeat Napoleon at Waterloo
This end Napoleons military career and the Napoleonic wars

112. Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo (June 18, 1815)
Prussian General Blücher
Duke of Wellington

113. Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena off the coast of Africa

114. Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena

115. Napoleon’s Tomb
He died 6 years later

116. Why do you think Napoleon was exiled rather than placed in prison?
If you lived in France at the time, would you have supported Napoleon's return?
What’s happening?

117. Congress of Vienna
Purpose of this meeting was to restore order to Europe and stability to Europe after the turmoil that Napoleon had caused
Wanted to put down a revolution where ever it might appear
Wanted to remove all traces of French revolution and Napoleons rule

118. Congress of Vienna Redrawing the map
Idea was to strengthen the countries bordering France
Countries that aided France lost territory
Countries that fought France gained territory
France had to pay indemnities
Payment to other countries that were damaged during wars
Monarchies were restored that were destroyed by war

119. Europe at Peak of French Empire
Europe Post Congress of Vienna

120. Metternich’s Influence
Prince Klemens von Metternich- Austria
Key player in Congress of Vienna
Wanted to restore Europe to pre Napoleon ages
Distrusted Democracy- pro monarch
Hated, Constitutions, Voting Rights, Freedom of religion, Freedom of press
Influenced Europe
Germany, Austria, Northern Italy
Had spies against people who spoke bad about this ideas
Responsible for suppressing liberal revolution ideas

121. Why did the Congress of Vienna want to suppress all revolutions?
How was it decided which nations gained territories and which nations lost it?
Do you think France was treated fairly by the Congress of Vienna?
What’s happening?

122. Was the French Revolution a Success or Failure?
Monarchs and Nobles were not secured in their privileged positions
Enlightenment ideas would never go away
Human dignity, personal liberty, equality
People had taken control of their destiny
Inspired/influenced people for the next 200 years Worldwide
Monarchs ruled most of France
Citizens right were restricted
Nobles gained privileges or glittering lifestyles

123. Review your notes about the last years of Napoleon’s rule and the changes that took place after his fall from power. Then use the interactive graphic organizer to describe possible long-term results of the French Revolution.