1. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh Disaster Risk By Dr Richard Haigh – licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution – Non- Commercial – Share Alike License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/

2. © Centre for Disaster Resilience, University of Salford Working in collaboration with Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Dr Richard Haigh

3. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh Introduction In this learning package you will: –Work to define what the term disaster means –Learn more about disaster risk and its relationship to hazard and vulnerability –Learn about the underlying causes of vulnerability, with reference to recent disasters –Check what you have learned so far with reflective exercises 3

4. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh Origins and causes 4

5. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh 5

6. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh 6

7. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh 7

8. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh 8 Taking the naturalness out of natural disasters Westgate and O’Keefe, 1976 “nature makes volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, floods and windstorms, but humans are responsible for the deaths” Piton de la Fournaise La Reunion Island, 2004

9. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh Impact 9 disaster need to proactively consider disaster risk and increase the resilience of all communities as a part of the sustainable development agenda consequences origins and causes

10. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh Risks and hazards 10 Risks from coastal hazards as a function of hazard frequency and severity

11. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh Risks and hazards 11 Community vulnerability as a function of the degree of exposure and the capacity to address hazard risks

12. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh Risks and hazards 12 Risk = Hazard (frequency and severity) x Vulnerability (Exposure/Capacity)

13. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh Who is most at risk? Densely populated urban areas or remote, small communities Communities in developing or developed economies 13

14. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh Example: vulnerability to earthquake hazards Several key factors contribute to vulnerability of human populations: –Location of settlements in seismic areas, especially on poorly consolidated soils, on ground prone to landslides or along fault lines –Building structures, such as homes, bridges, dams, which are not resistant to ground motion –Unreinforced masonry buildings with heavy roofs are more vulnerable than lightweight wood framed structures –Dense groupings of buildings with high occupancy –Lack of access to information about earthquake risks 14

15. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh Example: vulnerability to earthquake hazards Four elements contributing to risk: –hazards (physical effects generated in the naturally occurring event) –location of the hazards relative to the community at risk, –exposure (the value and importance of the various types of structures and lifeline systems in the community serving the populace) –vulnerability of the exposed structures and systems to the hazards expected to affect them during their useful life 15

16. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh Consequences of ignoring hazards in construction World Bank financed the construction of 487 schools Local building practices Floods later damaged or destroyed 500 primary schools and seven secondary schools 16

17. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh Consequences of ignoring hazards in construction Construction of a deep- seawater port in Woodbridge Bay, Dominica Port structures and facilities were severely damaged by Hurricane David Repair costs amounted to 41 per cent of the port’s construction costs 17

18. Learning Package 1: Disaster Risk Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment Dr Richard Haigh Other learning material Reading material Reading list Scenario Case study Activity 18