1. EARTHQUAKES Week 2

2. EARTHQUAKES What to explore this week:  Predictablity  Linkages  Disastrous consequences  Impact of human activity  Minimizing the impact What to explore this week:  Predictablity  Linkages  Disastrous consequences  Impact of human activity  Minimizing the impact

3. Earthquake Terminology

4. What causes earthquakes?  Elastic Rebound  Sources of stress  Plate Tectonics  Other stresses  Elastic Rebound  Sources of stress  Plate Tectonics  Other stresses

5. Measurement  Magnitude  one per earthquake  related to energy released  Richter or Moment scale  Magnitude  one per earthquake  related to energy released  Richter or Moment scale  Intensity  many for each earthquake  measure of effects  Mercalli scale

6. Damage: Causes  Ground motion  Duration of Shaking  Surface Rupture  Poor building design  Ground motion  Duration of Shaking  Surface Rupture  Poor building design

7. Effects  Rupture  Death  Bldg collapse  Rupture  Death  Bldg collapse

8. Effects  Fires  Liquifaction  Landslides  Fires  Liquifaction  Landslides

9. Damage: Key Factors  Amount & duration of shaking  Water content of soil  Population concentration  Building construction  Distance from Epicenter  Depth of focus  Direction of rupture  Material amplification  Amount & duration of shaking  Water content of soil  Population concentration  Building construction  Distance from Epicenter  Depth of focus  Direction of rupture  Material amplification

10. Addressing the Hazard  Identify areas at risk  Forecast  Identify areas at risk  Forecast

11. Addressing the Hazard  Structural adaptations  Warning systems  Structural adaptations  Warning systems

12. EARTHQUAKES  In what ways are earthquakes predictable?  To what other hazards are earthquakes linked?  What are the potentially disastrous consequences of earthquakes?  In what ways has human activity made earthquake hazards catastrophic?  How can the hazardous consequences of earthquakes be minimized?  In what ways are earthquakes predictable?  To what other hazards are earthquakes linked?  What are the potentially disastrous consequences of earthquakes?  In what ways has human activity made earthquake hazards catastrophic?  How can the hazardous consequences of earthquakes be minimized?