1. The Rise of Mass Politics, 1820-1840
APUSH – Mr. Hesen

2. The “New Democracy” 1820s-1840s
Politicians made an effort to appeal to common man
Most politicians were wealthy
Change in emphasis:
Jeffersonian – Govt. for the people
Jacksonian – Govt. should be done directly by the people
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3. The “New Democracy” Based on universal male suffrage
No more property qualifications
No African American males
New voters demanded politicians that looked out for common interests

4. The “New Democracy” Rise of workingmen’s parties Laborers in the East
Working demands – 10-hour day, etc.
Violent groups (esp. during depressions)
Locos Focos – NY Democrats – demanded worker rights

6. Election of 1824: “The Corrupt Bargain”
AKA “The Corrupt Bargain”
Candidates:
All “Democratic-Republicans”
Andrew Jackson
John Quincy Adams
William Crawford
Henry Clay
$$$$$$$$$$$$$

7. Election of 1824
Jackson – most popular votes – didn’t have the electoral vote
12th Amendment – HoR must choose from top three finishers
Clay (Speaker of the House) was in charge of selection process
Chose John Quincy Adams – hated Jackson
$$$$$$$$

8. Tariff of Abominations
Biggest issue of JQA’s presidency
Congress increased tariffs from 23% to 37%
Most New Englanders approved the tariff
West and South opposed tariff
John C. Calhoun’s “The South Carolina Exposition”
$$$$$$$$$

9. Election of 1828
Support came from West, South, and East Coast laborers
Most support came from political machines in NY and PA
“Revolution of 1828” – peaceful, but showed changes
Shifting from New England to West

10. Andrew Jackson “Old Hickory” Personified the new West
Govt. needed to be for the common folk
Hated Clay’s “American System”
Like Jefferson’s ideas
STRONG PRESIDENCY – “King Andrew I”

11. Jacksonian Democracy Spoils System
Rewarded political supporters with public offices
Allows any number of people to hold office
National political machine was built around Jackson
$$$$$$$

12. “Kitchen Cabinet” Jackson’s unofficial group of advisors
Did not answer to Congress – no checks and balances
Congress snubbed Jackson
“KC” was unconstitutional – not really

13. Webster-Hayne Debate
Cause: NE senator introduced a bill to stop the sale of public lands
Western and southern senators opposed
New England was by itself
Webster-Hayne Debate lasted nine days (January 1830)
$$$$$$$$ Nullification

14. Senator Robert Y. Hayne From South Carolina – Calhoun protégé
States rights
Accused NE of disloyalty
Proclaimed that nullification was the only means of protecting Southern rights

15. Daniel Webster Spoke out for NE
Insisted that people not states framed Constitution
Assailed nullification
“Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable”

16. Peggy Eaton Affair Wife of Sec. of War – John Eaton
Snubbed by Jackson’s cabinet members
Purged Calhoun’s allies from Cabinet
Calhoun resigns in 1832
Tariff controversy weighed hard on the relationship
Became a FIERCE sectionalist

17. Nullification Controversy (1832)
South Carolina still fuming over ToA
Tariff of 1832
Jackson lowered the tariff to appeal to South
Lowered only 10% - NOT EVEN CLOSE ENOUGH
SC – nullified the Tariff – threatened to secede from Union
Henry Clay – Tariff of 1833 (Compromise…AGAIN)!
Favored by South
Force Bill (1833) – President could use military force to collect tariffs
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

18. Election of 1832
Henry Clay (National Republican) vs. Andrew Jackson (Democrat)
Clay ran on his “American System” – Jackson killed the BUS
Jackson beats Clay (219-49)
Jackson had mass support from voters

19. Significance of Election of 1832
Appearance of first 3rd Party System: Anti-Masonic Party
Opposed the Masonic Order – George Washington and Ben Franklin
Accused secrecy in government – attracted evangelical groups (religion)
National nominating conventions were organized by all three parties

20. Jacksonian Democracy Economics and States’ Rights
Main aim: Divorce government form economy – Laissez faire economics
End of the BUS
Vetoes charter in 1832
“Pet Bank” scheme – transferred federal money to 23 state “pet banks” - kills 2nd BUS
Specie Circular – public land now had to be purchased with hard currency

21. Indian Removal Indian Removal Act (1830)
Jackson proposed the removal of Indians from South (Five Nations: Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminoles)
More than 100,000 Indians were forcibly uprooted and moved in 1830s – Bureau of Indian Affairs
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1832)
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
$$$$$$$$

22. Trail of Tears 1838 – 18,000 Cherokees force marched to Oklahoma
4,000 died as a result – malnutrition, exposure, cholera, and treatment
25% Choctaws perished
Black Hawk War – 1832 – Illinois and Wisconsin natives refused land removal west of Great Lakes
Crushed by U.S. troops – opened up Lake Michigan to settlement
$$$$$$$

23. Panic of 1837 Causes: Results: OVERSPECULATION…..AGAIN!!!!
Speculated to build canals, roads, and spread slavery
Jackson’s presidency hurt economy
British banks failed and called in foreign loans
Results:
American banks collapsed
Prices fell sharply
Factories closed; unemployment soared
Van Buren chose to stay out of the Panic – limited government

24. Treasury Bill of 1840 (Divorce Bill)
Wanted to divorce government from banks
Felt federal funds given to private banks fueled Panic of 1837
Independent Treasury System
Govt. placed surplus funds in banks in larger cities
Condemned by Whigs

25. Election of 1840
William Henry Harrison (“Tippacanoe and Tyler Too!!!/Log Cabin and Hard Cider)
Martin Van Buren renominated by Dems
Van Buren was blamed for the Panic
Harrison pummels Van Buren (234-60)
Significance
First mass turnout election in history
Propaganda and slogans set example for future
Liberty Party – third party in election