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Jacksonian America A08
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GUIDING QUESTION The Jacksonian Period ( ) has been characterized as the era of “the common man.” To what extent did the period live up to its characterizations? Consider: Political, economic, social developments (based on 2001)
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DOCUMENT QUESTION Jacksonian Democrats viewed themselves as the guardians of the United States Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of opportunity. In light of the following documents and your knowledge of the 1820s and 1830s, to what extent do you agree with the Jacksonians’ view of themselves? (1990 DBQ) (1990 DBQ)
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Jackson’s Background 9 years old read DOI to town
13 messenger in American Revolution- Lost older brother and mother (blamed British) 13? Duels- Charles Dickson, Thomas Benton Russel Bean 29 year old Jackson Unimpressed w/ Washington 1812- Old Hickory the “Hero of New Orleans” Florida 1819 RACHEL
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A. “JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY”
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Population Trends: Westward Expansion, 1830
Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.;
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GUIDING QUESTION What accounts for the development of democracy between 1820 and 1840? Changes in electoral politics Jacksonian economic policy Westward movement (1996)
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Presidential election, 1828
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1828 Presidential election Vote by county
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Jackson’s first inaugural reception
Andrew Jackson's Inaugural, "President's Levee, or all Creation going to the White House" Cruikshank, Robert, , artist. Keywords: Credit: Library of Congress
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“JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY”
Andrew Jackson/ Kitchen Cabinet “democracy”/ Social Reform Jackson’s Democratic Agenda interests of the common man limited federal government western expansion and settlement “rotation in office” not necessarily the “spoils system”
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Expansion of Political Participation
Reasons for increases in mass political participation: Expansion of Suffrage elimination of property requirements Printed ballots Political conventions party caucuses Candidates with popular appeal Campaigns Partisan Newspapers The Expansion of Voting Rights for White Men, Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.;
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Voter Turnout Before the Civil War
Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.;
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Expansion of Democracy
The Expansion of Voting Rights for White Men, Henretta, America’s History 5e from
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The Burgeoning of Newspapers
Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.;
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The Rise of Mass Politics The Expanding Electorate
Andrew Jackson Travels to Washington (Library of Congress) Brinkley 10th
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B. EMERGENCE OF THE SECOND PARTY SYSTEM
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GUIDING QUESTION Why did a two party system reemerge in the period ? Major political personalities Economic issues States’ rights (1999)
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B. EMERGENCE OF THE SECOND PARTY SYSTEM
Democrats Whigs “The Great Triumvirate” Henry Clay John Calhoun Daniel Webster
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Second Party System (1828-ca. 1854)
Nash, The American People
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Voter Turnout by Party 1824-1840
Nash, The American People
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C. FEDERAL AUTHORITY & ITS OPPONENTS
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1. NULLIFICATION CRISIS “Tariff of Abominations” 1828 John Calhoun
South Carolina Exposition and Protest Nullification Crisis Nullification Act Force Bill Crisis Averted Significance John C. Calhoun (Library of Congress)
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Nationalism v Sectionalism
Sectional leaders Henry Clay (West) – “The Great Pacificator” John C. Calhoun (South) Daniel Webster (North)
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Nationalism v. Sectionalism
Nullification Crisis Tariffs – 1816, 1824, 1828 (Abominations) Tariff unconstitutional? SC = Nullification Ordinance > threatens to secede Jackson obtains Force Bill from Congress Henry Clay orchestrates reduced Tariff Bill SC backs down Was the issue Fed Govt’s power over tariffs or slavery?
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The Nullification Crisis
“Our Federal Union- It must be preserved…” Andrew Jackson “The Union- next to our Liberty most dear…” John Calhoun
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D. INDIAN REMOVAL
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INDIAN REMOVAL Changing Views of Indians
1790 to 1820s – treaties, foreign nations Assimilation “noble savages” vs. “savages”
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Nash, The American People
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Southern Indian Nations Before Removal
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INDIAN REMOVAL Removal Removal Act of 1830
Blackhawk War – Sauk and Fox Indians “Five civilized tribes” – Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Seminoles Cherokees Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia “John Marshall has made his opinion, now let him enforce it” “Trail of Tears” Seminole War - Osceola
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The Removal of Native Americans, 1820-1843
Henretta, America’s History 5e from
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Indian Removal Divine, America Past & Present 7e
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The Trail of Tears
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Debating the Indian Policy
Most Southerners & Westerners favored Protestant missionaries urged conversion & assimilation Female benevolent societies Petition drive – almost sinks Indian Rem. Bill Shows early reform efforts
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THE BANK WAR (2nd) Bank of the United States Nicholas Biddle
“Soft money/hard money” The Bank War Pet Banks Nicholas Biddle
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1832 Presidential election
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“King Andrew I”
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Assassination attempt on Andrew Jackson, 1835.
Richard Lawrence, an unemployed and deranged housepainter from England, either burst from a crowd or stepped out from hiding behind a column and aimed a pistol at Jackson, which misfired. Lawrence then pulled out a second pistol, which also misfired. It has been postulated that moisture from the humid weather contributed to the double misfiring.[50] Lawrence was then restrained, with legend saying that Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane, prompting his aides to restrain him. Others present, including David Crockett, restrained and disarmed Lawrence.Richard Lawrence gave the doctors several reasons for the shooting. He had recently lost his job painting houses and somehow blamed Jackson. He claimed that with the President dead, "money would be more plenty" (a reference to Jackson's struggle with the Bank of the United States) and that he "could not rise until the President fell." Finally, he informed his interrogators that he was a deposed English King—specifically, Richard III, dead since 1485—and that Jackson was merely his clerk. He was deemed insane, institutionalized, and never punished for his assassination attempt. Afterward, due to curiosity concerning the double misfires, the pistols were tested and retested. Each time they performed perfectly. When these results were known, many believed that Jackson had been protected by the same Providence that had protected the young nation. This national pride was a large part of the Jacksonian cultural myth fueling American expansion in the 1830s.
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Removal of federal deposits from the Second Bank of the United States
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The Petticoat Affair- Peggy Eaton
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Presidential election, 1836
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THE BANK WAR: AFTERAFFECTS
“specie circular” Martin Van Buren The Panic of 1837 Western Land Sales, Western Land Sales: Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; Van Buren Credit: Library of Congress Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren (Library of Congress)
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E. ELECTION OF 1840
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William Henry Harrison (Library of Congress)
ELECTION OF 1840 Election of 1840 William Henry Harrison ”Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” Hard Cider and Log Cabin Campaign William Henry Harrison (Library of Congress)
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ELECTION OF 1840 “Hard Cider and Log Cabin Campaign”:
Harrison Campaign Poster (Library of Congress) CREDIT: "Harrison! and reform!!" Alton (no first name; no lifespan). One page paper flyer, Library of Congress, Printed Ephemera Collection: Broadsides, leaflets, and pamphlets from America and Europe . (No Reproduction Number.) Digital ID: rbpe
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ELECTION OF 1840 “Hard Cider and Log Cabin Campaign”:
Harrison Campaign Poster (Library of Congress) CREDIT: "Gen. William Henry Harrison." George Endicott ( ). Campaign banner, lithograph, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-31 DLC (b&w film copy neg.)
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Presidential election, 1840
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Presidential election, 1840 Results by County
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ELECTION OF 1840 Harrison’s Inauguration (Library of Congress)
HARRISON INAUGURATION: TYLER: CREDIT: "President John Tyler, half-length portrait, facing right." Reproduction of a print, between ca and 1865, printed later. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ DLC (b&w film copy neg. of detail) Harrison’s Inauguration (Library of Congress) John Tyler (Library of Congress)
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Tomb of William Henry Harrison North Bend
Congress Green Cemetery nearby, with many of Harrison’s adjacent family and John Cleves Symmes
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UNIT QUESTION To what extent were developments during the period consistent with the vision of Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans, as opposed to the vision of Hamilton and the Federalists?
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UNIT QUESTION Historians have traditionally labeled the period after the War of 1812 ( ) the “Era of Good Feelings.” How accurate was this label, considering the emergence of nationalism and sectionalism during the period?
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UNIT QUESTION The Jacksonian Period ( ) has been characterized as the era of “the common man.” To what extent did the period live up to its characterizations? Consider the following: Politics, economic development, Federal vs. state power treatment of Native Americans, (based on 2001)
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Sources Wadsworth.com: http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/
Brinkley 10e Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; Divine, America Past & Present 7e Henretta, America’s History 5e from
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