1. War Between the States 1861-65
APUSH MCELHANEY

2. Discussion/Essay Question
“The Northern victory over the Confederacy was inevitable.”
Assess the validity of this statement.
Bicentennial of Lincoln’s Birth Essay
2. Why should Americans honor the legacy of Lincoln today?
5 paragraph Essay.

3. Civil War Need to Know The Union The South
Mobilization and finance
Civil liberties
Election of 1864
The South
Confederate constitution
States' rights and the Confederacy
Foreign affairs and diplomacy
Military strategy, campaigns, and battles
The abolition of slavery
Confiscation Acts
Emancipation Proclamation
Freedmen's Bureau
Thirteenth Amendment
Effects of war on society
Inflation and public debt
Role of women
Devastation of the South
Changing labor patterns

4. The Effects of the War 618,000 died in the Civil War
Ended States Rights concept forever
Strengthened the Supremacy of Federal Government over the States
Accelerated economic development of the North
Made Republican Party a powerful and enduring force
Devastated the Economy of the South
Ended Slavery (Emancipation Proclamation 1863 and 13th Amendment 1865)

5. Lincoln’s First Inauguration “Carrot and Stick Approach”
Tried to reassure the South that he would not interfere with Slavery where it existed.
He would enforce Fugitive Slave Act
“We are not enemies but friends. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection.”
Stick:
He would fight.
He would, “Employ all powers…to reclaim the public property and places which have fallen; places belonging to the government.”

6. President Lincoln's First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861
“In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to ''preserve, protect, and defend it.”

7. “It seems clear that in both the North and South, sectional antagonisms had risen to such a point that the existing terms of union had become untenable.”
“They had grown to be two distinct and incompatible civilizations”
They were incapable of living together in peace.

8. Sentiments on Both sides were Extreme
RW Emerson “I do not see how a barbarous community and a civilized community can constitute one state.” (Northern View)
(Southern View) “These people hate us, annoy us, and would have us assassinated by our slaves if they dared. They are different people from us, whether better of worse, and there is no love between us. Why then continue together?”

9. Mobilization After Fort Sumter both sides rush to war
Nationalism was high
Volunteers were plentiful
The Confederates wanted independence
The Yankees wanted to punish the traitors
Armies were raised, equipped, and prepared for war.

12. The Union and Confederacy in 1861
Map

13. Why did Border States remain in the Union?

14. Preparations for War: North
Advantages
Natural Resources, $
Superior Navy
Population 3x more
90% of country’s Factories
Railroads
Production of Firearms, cloth, iron, boots/shoes
Disadvantages
At first not prepared for war
People thought it would only last a short time
Needed arms, munitions, equipment
Poor leadership
Had to fight a war of conquest= Invade the South
Divided Public Opinion

15. Preparations for War: South
Advantages
Food Production
Virginia had Armories and produced weapons
Harpers Ferry Armory
Cotton $
Good military leadership-
Robert E. Lee
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Good soldiers
Disadvantages
At first Weapons Shortage
Lacked Manufacturing
Lacked Transportation
Few Rail Roads
Needed to import Arms and Equipment
(British)
Low population
Low Resources
Little Navy

16. Resources: North & the South

17. Railroad Lines, 1860
Rail

18. Financing the War North South Borrow Money- (most) ($2.6 Billion)
Bonds ($400 million)
Print Money-Causes inflation
Levying Taxes
Income Taxes
Taxes on goods
South
Borrow Money- Bonds
Print Money-Causes inflation
Taxes
Cotton export

19. 2 million served in Union Army Most Volunteered
Men Present for Duty in the Civil War
Union had only 16,000
Troops in 1861
2 million served in Union Army Most Volunteered

20. Enrolment Act =Draft “A Poor Man’s War”
People drafted could hire substitutes or pay a $300 fee to be released
Draft law causes tremendous resistance especially in New York City Irish Immigrants riot 4 days July 1863
Racial overtones
NYC Democratic City
Some wanted to secede from the Union and even make it a neutral city
Enrolment Act =Draft
1863- Volunteers for the Army decrease drastically
War is bloody and tens of thousands die
Union passes and enforces a draft law-
Raise troops for the war
46,000 conscripted

22. Lincoln and Civil Liberties
1862- as the war goes badly for the North
Lincoln uses executive power to remove criticism and insure order
Executive order of war powers suspends Habeas Corpus Due process= rights to a trial
Authorizes arrests of Anti-War Protestors
Anyone associated with “Disloyal Practices”
Especially in Border States
Arrested 13,000 people
Example= “Copperheads” Peace Democrats
Northerners who were against the war

23. Example- Northern Civil Liberties
Copperhead Congressman Clement Valldingham
Ohio politician
Arrested and denied Habeas Corpus
Opposed the war, arrested and then deported to the CSA
Good Link
Ex parte Merriman and Ex parte Milligan

24. Overview of Civil War Strategy:
“Anaconda” Plan

25. Northern Strategy
Lincoln: Saw that the North should win by resource power
Saw the key to victory = Destruction of the CSA Armies (not the conquest of territory)
Isolate the South from trade
Squeeze the South into Submission
Large scale invasion of Southern Territory
1862 Concept of Total War- “There is no hope for reconciliation”
“We must conquer the Rebels or be conquered by them.”

26. Course of the War (Map) Statistics of Battles
Timeline of Civil (War Link)
April Fort Sumter
April 17, Virginia Secedes
1861 Blockade
July 1st First Bull Run/Manassas (CSA Victory)
McClellan Appointed General in Chief USA
November 1861 Trent Affair
1861 Confiscation Act addresses slaves that come under the power of the Union forces “All slaves used for insurrection purposes would be considered freed .”

28. 1862
Stalemate in the East
Movement and progress for the Union in the WEST
Feb 25 Nashville Falls to Union
March 9 Monitor and Merrimac (CSS Virginia) fight (Ironclad Ships)
April 9 Battle of Shiloh (TN) Grant US Victory 23,746 killed (US 63,000 KIA 13,000) (CS 40,000 KIA 11,000)
May Peninsula Campaign Begun US attacks South trying to take Richmond
April 25 New Orleans Falls to Admiral Farragut US Victory

30. 1862 continued
May “Stonewall Jackson” defeats US in Shenandoah Valley; US troops rush to protect Washington DC. (CS Victory)
May 31 Seven Pines Battle (on Peninsula) US vs Lee (CS Victory)
July 2 Seven Days Battle, Lee wins Peninsula Campaign (CS Victory)
July 10 McClellan removed from top spot in US Army, General Halleck appointed commander US forces
August 2nd Bull Run/Manassas Pope defeated (CS victory)
Sept Army of Northern Virginia (Lee’s Army) Marches North to Maryland
Sept 17 Bloodiest single day of the war
Battle of Antietam- Lee invades and is met at town of Sharpsburg, 2, 108 Union KIA, 9,549 wounded
CSA 2,700 KIA, 9,024 wounded (US victory)
December Fredericksburg, 13,000 US casualties, 5,000 CS casualties (CS victory)

31. The Progress of War:
Progress of war

32. War in the East:
The War in the East

33. McClellan quote
After being demoted by Lincoln and Stanton the Secretary of War
He had “lost all regard and respect for the administration and doubted the propriety of my brave men’s blood being shed to further the designs of such a set of heartless villains.”
Regarding Hallek “vented his anger at serving under an officer ‘whom I know to be my inferior.
As for Stanton, he was a “deformed hypocrite & villain…if he had lived in the time of the Savior, Judas Iscariot would have remained a respected member of the fraternity of Apostles.”

35. Foreign Affairs North Wanted no foreign intervention South
Wanted recognition from foreign governments- Britain or France
Wanted intervention from British

36. 1863 (Link) January Emancipation Proclamation
March First Conscription Act Passed
April 27 – May 1 Chancellorsville
Lee defeats US Hooker by splitting his forces and attacks in 3 places (CSA Victory)
May 10 Stonewall Jackson dies
Lee loses his best General
July Vicksburg falls (Grant) to Union forces, Mississippi is controlled by US.
July 1-3 Gettysburg
Lee invades Pennsylvania trying to gain recognition of England and France
Terrible Battle 90,000 US vs CSA
Lee loses 1/3 of his army and can not get them back (28,000)
Meade does not continue the attack and Lee retreats back to VA and is able to continue the fight. (lost 23,000)

37. 1863 Continued Link September 19-20 (WEST) Battle of Chickamauga TN
CS Victory CS 70,000 vs US 56,000
Casualties CS 18, 454 US 16,179
November 19, Gettysburg Address
Lincoln refocuses the struggle “A new birth of freedom.”
November Battle of Chattanooga
Grant Drives CS out of Tennessee
December Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan announced

38. Gettysburg Address
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

39. African Americans and the Union Army
186,000 serve in Union Army, Navy, and laborers
Most blacks served in support/labor
54th Massachusetts, Capt. Robert Gould Shaw
Blacks captured were returned to slavery or killed.

40. Confiscation Acts
May Law that allowed Union forces to seize enemy material and property of rebellious states and citizens for the war effort.
Property included slaves
Allowed Federal Government to use these slaves for the war effort
1862 2nd Confiscation Act
Declared free slaves of persons aiding and supporting the rebellion
Authorized President to employ Freed Slaves as soldiers

41. 1863 January Emancipation Proclamation signed
Lincoln was pressured to create a policy regarding slaves in the rebellious states.
Previous, Confiscation Acts were used to address Slaves that come under the jurisdiction of Union forces.
After the victory of Antietam he was persuaded to try and weaken the Confederacy

42. Emancipation Proclamation
Executive order of the President
Applied only to Slaves in Rebellious states (except those already under Union control- TN, West VA, Southern Louisiana)
Stated as of January 1, 1863
“I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, shall recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.”

43. Significance of Emancipation Proclamation
The war was expanded to end Slavery
Allowed for the recruitment and use of Blacks into the Union Army
Did not address slavery in Border States of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, or Delaware

44. Radical Republicans Review
“Free every slave-slay every traitor-burn every rebel mansion, if these things be necessary to preserve this temple of freedom. We must treat this war as a radical revolution, and remodel our institutions.”
Radical Republicans
Thaddeus Stevens (Rep PA)
Charles Sumner (Senator MA)
Benjamin Wade (Senator OH)

45. 1864 Link
January- Grant appointed Commander of US forces and has new plan
He has now lots of troops ready to fight with many veterans.
Attack South through Georgia (Sherman)
Attack due South from DC to Richmond and keep up relentless pressure.
May 5-7 (East) Battle of Wilderness (CSA Victory)
US 115,000 vs CS 73,000
Casualties US 55,000 CS 31,000
May 8-12 (East) Battle of Spotsylvania (Union Victory)
5 day battle, Grant doesn’t wait to attack Lee after Wilderness
Casualties US 18,000 CS 12,000

46. 1864 June 1-3 (East) Battle of Cold Harbor (CSA Victory)
Grant still pushing South after Lee, Grant loses 7,000 in 20 minutes
CS 62,000 vs US 108,000
Casualties CS 2,500 US 12,000
June (East) (US) Siege of Petersburg begins (getting close to Richmond)
Key RR transport and supply for Richmond
Grant still pushing Lee
June Battle of Kennesaw Mountain (GA) (CSA Victory)
Sherman attacking South from TN
US 90,000 vs CS 60,000
July Crater at Petersburg
Union miners dig under city fortifications and blow up tons of explosives and rush in to be slaughtered.

47. 1864 September – December Sherman’s March to the Sea
September 2 Battle of Atlanta (US Victory)
Sherman conquers and burns Atlanta
Begins “March to the Sea” = Savannah GA
November Lincoln Re-elected President
Johnson VP (Democrat from TN) on the Union Ticket
December Sherman reaches Savannah (Union Victory)
Leaves devastation of 60 miles wide swath

48. Sherman’s March to the Sea Nov. 1864-Dec. 1864
Sherman marches through Georgia perpetrating massive destruction in an effort to break the will of the South
“I can make the march and make Georgia howl!”
“We cannot change the hearts of those people of the South, but we can make war so terrible and make them so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it.”

49. Pictures of Sherman Civil War Pictures

50. Election of 1864
Election in which the candidates were George McClellan and Abraham Lincoln
George McClellan was a “Peace Democrat” or Copperhead and he wanted to negotiate a compromise with the South.
Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans campaigned for continuation of the War until the South surrendered unconditionally
Sherman’s Victory in Atlanta saves Lincoln’s reelection and the Union
Lincoln won with an astounding 55% of the popular vote
(Partial)
   

52. Presidential Election of 1864

53. 1865 March Lincoln’s Second Inaugural speech
Promises Leniency
March Freedmen’s Bureau Established
April Petersburg Falls
Richmond is cot off from supplies
April 9 Appomattox Court House
Lee Surrenders to Grant
April 14 Lincoln is Shot by John Wilkes Booth and dies
April 15 Andrew Johnson is the 17th President.

54. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural
“Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether."
With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations
What messages is Lincoln sending to the people of America with this speech?

55. Lee Surrenders at Appomattox April 9, 1865
Grant takes Richmond and no hope is left for the South.

56. Casualties on Both Sides
Casualties both sides

57. Casualties compared to other wars
Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars
Casualties compared to other wars

58. Northern/Republican Economic Measures Passed During War.
Homestead Act 1862
Live on it for 5yrs
160 acres of public land
Purchased for small fee
Morrill Land Grant Act 1862
Public land toe state gov
States sell land
Use $ for public Education = colleges and universities
Tariff
Transcontinental Railroad
Union Pacific West from Omaha, NA
Central Pacific East from CA
New National Bank

59. Reconstruction Quiz
How do you think the South should be treated after the war?
What should happen politically?
What should happen to the leaders?
What should happen to the former slaves?

60. Southern Attitudes
I rode with Robert E. Lee, For three years, thereabouts. Got wounded in four places And starved at Point Lookout. I caughts the rheumatism A-camping in the snow. But I killed a chance of Yankees And I'd like to kill some mo'. Three hundred thousand Yankees Lie still in Southern dust We got three hundred thousand Before they conquered us. They died of Southern fever And Southern steel and shot. I wish they were three millions Instead of what we got. I can't take up my musket And fight 'em now no more, But I ain't going to love 'em, Now that is certain sure;
I don't want no pardon For what I was and am, I won't be reconstructed And I do not give a damn.
I’m a Good Old Rebel Oh, I'm a good old Rebel Now that's just what I am. For this Yankee nation I do not give a damn. I'm glad I fought agin her, I only wish we'd won. I ain't asked any pardon For anything I've done. I hates the yankee nation And everything they do, I hates the declaration Of independence, too; I hates the glorious union- ’tis dripping with our blood- And I hates their striped banner, I fought it all I could.

61. Reconstruction: Need to Know
Presidential plans: Lincoln and Johnson
Radical (congressional) plans
Civil rights and the Fourteenth Amendment
Military reconstruction
Impeachment of Johnson
African American suffrage: the Fifteenth Amendment
Southern state governments: problems, achievements, weaknesses
Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction

62. Reconstruction Essay
Analyze the goals and strategies of Reconstruction of Two of the following:
President Lincoln
President Johnson
Congressional Republicans
Thesis: President Lincoln and President Johnson’s approach to reconstruction provided for lenient reintroduction of Southern states into the Union while, conversely Congressional Republicans wanted to only reintroduce the Southern states under strict conditions.

63. Reconstruction Defined
Reconstruction: is the process used to bring the South back into the political Union.
Presidential Reconstruction- Lincoln/Johnson Plans
Radical Reconstruction
End of Reconstruction

64. Each Plan Answered These Questions
How will the rebellious states participate in government?
What terms will they reenter the Union?
What will happen to the Black Population
What should happen to the Confederate leaders?

65. Reconstruction Begins Before War Ends
13th Amendment
Before the War was over January 1865, Congress submitted to the states for ratification:
Section 1. “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”
Ratification was complete December 1865

66. Presidential Plans: Lincoln
Issues a Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
Spelled out terms for state to rejoin union
Ten Percent Plan:
Full pardon for Confederates
Restore all property
Loyalty Oath Required
Accept Abolition
When 10% of the eligible voters take Oath- State can reenter the union, send Reps to Congress.
Beginning with the 2nd Inaugural, “Malice toward none, charity for all…”
Lincoln previews his plan to bring sister states of the south back into the community of states.
Goal of easy reintroduction to Union
Strategy of Leniency
No provisions for Freedmen

67. Lincoln’s Plan continued
Suffrage for blacks who:
Were educated
Held property
Fought in the Union Army
LA, ARK, Tennessee all come into Union under Lincoln’s plans

68. Congressional Reaction to Lincoln’s Plan
Congressional Republicans did not like Lincoln’s Plan
Too Lenient on the “Rebels”
Need more punitive (punish) components
Wanted more support for “Freedmen”
Responded with the Wade-Davis Bill (July 1864)
A set of extreme requirements included:
President Appointed Provisional Governor for former CS states
Majority of Confederates had to take oaths
Conventions had to be developed to approve new state constitutions
Disenfranchise Former CSA civil and Military leaders
Repudiate CSA debts
New state constitutions had to ban Slavery and hold political rights to blacks
Lincoln uses the Pocket Veto to veto.
(Pocket Veto is where the president ignores bill to kill it)

69. President Johnson Lincoln is Assassinated
Johnson Sworn in as President
Johnson was doomed, could not work with Republican Congress
He was a Democrat
Elected under a Unity Platform (Republicans and Dems create a coalition ticket election 1864)
From Tennessee, A Southerner
Self-Made Man
Didn’t like the rich leadership of the South
Stubborn, Intolerant
Reluctant to Compromise, Racist
Republicans thought he would punish the south
“Treason is a crime that must be made odious… Traitors must be impoverished, They must not only be impoverished but their social power must be destroyed.”

70. Johnson Personality Intemperate Tactless Resentful Insecure
Hostile to freed slaves
“White men alone must manage the South”

71. Presidential Plans: Johnson similar to Wade-Davis Bill
15,000 applied to Johnson for pardons
“I am so sorry---please forgive me.  Please restore my rights!”
Appoint Provisional Governors
Constitutional conventions were to be held
Slavery was to be outlawed
Nullify acts of secession
Repudiate all debts of the Confederacy
Results:
Southern governments followed the process- however a number states refused to recognize 13th Amendment
Former confederate leaders where appointed and elected to power
Black Codes were developed to limit former slaves.
All of these measures angered the Republican Congress and they acted to end force the South to comply
Goal to bring the South back into the Union fast- but limit the rich
Strategy: Oaths, leniency, limit power of wealthy
Issued Proclamations:
Amnesty and restoration of property rights for all who took oath of loyalty to Union and emancipation, 51% of eligible voters
Confederate officials-and wealthy confederates with property of $20,000 or were ineligible or could apply individually to president.

72. Congress Reacts to Johnson Plan
End of 1865 all seceded states had new Govs
Radical Republicans – were angry newly loyal states send prominent Confederates to Congress
Stephens (former VP of CSA)
After investigation- Congress found that the “Freedmen” were not being treated fairly
Black Codes- state laws limiting former slaves
Fines for vagrancy
Force blacks to work on plantations
December 1865 Congress Created its own plan for Reconstruction
Freedmen’s Bureau, a Federal support organization was extended- helped former slaves with education, food, settling labor disputes, and even helping poor whites. (renewed)
Republican Congress wanted protection for freedmen, they wanted to change the culture of the South, including Black Suffrage and land redistribution
Create Joint Committee on Reconstruction

73. Congress Reacts to Johnson
Civil Rights Act 1866
Pass Funding Bill for Freedman’s Bureau
Also declares blacks citizens
Authorizes Federal Power to intervene in States to protect rights.
Johnson Vetoes bills in 1866.
Republicans unite against Johnson and mobilize

74. 14th Amendment 14th Amendment Passed
Aimed at supporting African Americans
Overturned Dredd Scott decision- Former slaves are now citizens
Defined citizenship = born in US and naturalized citizens
Equal protection under the laws = Citizens are granted “Privileges and Immunities guaranteed by constitution”
Penalties for denying rights
Reinforced due process
Federal Government can intervene to protect equal treatment under the law
Prohibited former CSA from holding office, unless 2/3rds congress consented

75. 14th Amendment
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. (limits former Confederates from holding office)
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

76. “Radical” or Congressional Reconstruction begins 1867
Republicans Win Congressional Election of more Senate 42 (Radical GOP) to 11 Dem
House143 (Radical GOP) to 49 Dem
Reconstruction Act Passed over Johnson’s veto
Goals:
To support Freedmen
To punish the Southern leadership for the War
To reorder Southern society so African Americans had a chance to change the culture of the South

77. Leaders of the Radical Republicans
Thaddeus Stevens Republican Majority Leader
Charles Sumner- Republican Senator
Pro-Equality
“Strip a proud nobility off their bloated states; reduce them to a level with plain Republicans; send them forth to labor and teach their children to enter the workshops or handle the plow and you will thus humble the proud traitors.”
Stevens
Sumner

78. “Radical” or Congressional Reconstruction 1867
Radical bills passed over Veto
1868 Tennessee Admitted immediately
Congress rejected Lincoln-Johnson reconstructed states
5 Military Districts created the South
Enforce order to register qualified voters
All adult black males
White males not in the rebellion
New State Constitutions- insure black suffrage
States had to ratify new states had to ratify 13 and 14th amendments
Tenure of Office Act: (an effort to remove the president as an obstacle to reconstruction efforts)
Limits President from removing cabinet officers without Senate approval
Process for states to enter Union:
New State Constitutional Conventions
Ratify 14th Amendment
New State Constitutions must include Black Suffrage

79. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags
Northerners who moved South to exploit the poor whites and aid the blacks
Southerners who worked with the Reconstruction forces for greedy purposes

80. 15th Amendment
African American Males 21 years old, get the Right to Vote
Section. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
At first Blacks will vote, but as time goes on State laws and intimidation (KKK) suppress the black vote- literacy tests and Poll taxes

81. Johnson Impeachment
Johnson had tried to obstruct Radical Reconstruction
He appointed sympathetic military leaders to supervise the South
He encouraged Southerners to resist Federal law
Resisted the racial equality insisted by Congress
House Republicans were waiting for an excuse-Johnson gave them one when he removed Secretary of War Stanton from office.
The House passed Impeachment Act with a 2/3 vote

82. Southern State Governments: problems, achievements, weaknesses
Positive
Many blacks participate early
First black Senator elected, Hiram Revels, Mississippi
Freedmen’s Bureau helps a lot
Blacks gain some economic mobility
Congress tries to help with Enforcement Acts- to repress the KKK and help protect blacks
Negative
KKK develops to terrorize blacks
Redeemers- Southern Democrats want to remove republican governors in the South and restore traditional Southern leadership
Segregation develops
Old Southern leadership regains power and reconstruction seems to be a complete failure.

83. Freedmen Convention
“We claim exactly the same rights priveleges and immunities as are enjoyed by white men; we ask nothing more and will be content with nothing less.”

84. Grant Administration 1868 US Grant nominated by Republicans-
Corruption

85. Life in the South Devastated economically- (Sherman)
“In Alabama alone, two hundred thousand persons are in danger of extreme suffering, if not of actual starvation” December 1865

86. African American Life
Immediately after war trends develop for African Americans
Many moved from plantations
Reunited with family
Institutions created
Schools
Churches
Sharecropping Develops
Freedmen plant and work plots of land in exchange for a % of the crop that goes to the owner.
Keeps blacks poor and in perpetual debt

87. Southerners Create Black Codes
Black Codes were laws created to limit political, economic and social aspects of life for former slaves
Contracts for labor
Employment laws
Licenses to work
Travel limitations
Segregation
Race mixing laws
All laws were used to limit blacks so they would be second-class citizens

88. KKK 1866 Responding to new social circumstances
Former Confederates- (Nathan Bedford Forrest) form Ku Klux Klan
To terrorize and enforce traditional subordination of African Americans

89. Compromise of 1877 Election of 1876
Repubs = Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio “His Fraudulency”
Dems = Samuel J. Tilden, New York
In the middle of an Economic Depression
Corruption on both sides, deadlock in electoral college
Commission, decision agreed upon, Hayes wins the Presidency- although no evidence, seem there was a deal to withdrawal Federal troops from the rest of the South.
Redeemer governments would take over (all Democrats) and the South would continue in the Democratic party structure till the 1960’s
Resulted in the End of Reconstruction
“Nast” Cartoon

91. New South
Redeemers
New South Creed
Romanticization of the South

92. Crop Lien System

93. Booker T. Washington Atlanta Compromise Up from slavery
Tuskegee Institute (AL)
Plessey V. Ferguson
Jim Crowe Laws
Grandfather Laws/Clause
Poll Tax
Literacy Tests
Lynching
Ida B Wells