1. VISUALIZIN G Prepared By: Dawn More, Algonquin College

2. Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion Media Enhanced PowerPoint  Presentation Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd 2

3. Lecture Overview What is Motivation? Motivated Behaviours Theories and Concepts of Emotion Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd 3

4. What is Motivation? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd4 1.Summarize the early theories of motivation. 2.Explain how incentives, attributions, and expectations affect motivation. 3.Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

5. Understanding Motivation Motivation: set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behaviour, either toward a goal or away from an undesirable situation – Biological theories of motivation: 1.Instinct: inborn, unlearned behaviours universal to species explain motivation 2.Drive-Reduction: internal tensions “push” toward satisfying basic needs 3.Arousal: motivated toward optimal level of arousal Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd5

6. Instincts In animals, instinct propels bears to hibernate, birds to build nests or to fly south in winter. In humans, sociobiologists such as Edward O. Wilson believes that humans developed and pass on adaptive instincts such as aggression and competition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd6

7. Drive Reduction Theory This theory began to replace the theory of instincts in the 1930’s Drive-reduction theory uses the concept of homeostasis Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd7

8. Understanding Motivation: Arousal Theory People seek an optimal level of arousal that maximizes their performance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd8 Figure 11.3

9. Arousal Theory (continued) Our need for stimulation influences behaviour efficiency For example, we perform best when we are neither too stimulated (anxious) nor too relaxed ( can’t be bothered) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd9

10. Understanding Motivation: Social and Cognitive Aspects 1.Incentive: motivation results from the “pull” of external environmental stimuli Ex. If we desire something then we are pulled toward it. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd10

11. Understanding Motivation: Social and Cognitive Aspects Cognitive: motivation affected by attributions and expectations Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd11

12. Motivation Biopsychosocial Model Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: interaction of biological, psychological, and social needs; lower motives (physiological and safety) must be met before higher needs (belonging, self-esteem) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd12

13. Understanding Motivation: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd13

14. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.Eating to reduce hunger is a good example of the _____ theory of motivation. 2.The _____ theory of motivation explains why we might eat a slice of pumpkin pie after consuming a heavy holiday dinner. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd14

15. Motivated Behaviours Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd15 1.Describe how internal and external factors regulate hunger and eating and how they influence eating disorders. 2.Summarize what happens to the human body during sexual arousal. 3.Discuss the evidence that suggests biology and genes are the dominant cause of sexual orientation. 4.Explain why some people are more highly achievement motivated than others. 5.Explain why providing extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

16. Motivated Behaviours: Hunger and Eating Biological factors: stomach, biochemistry, the brain Note the size difference in these rats: the rat on the left had the ventromedial area of its hypothalamus destroyed Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd16

17. Motivated Behaviours: Hunger and Eating Psychological factors: visual cues, cultural conditioning 17 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

18. Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Now that you have a better understanding of the motivational factors behind hunger and eating, how can this information be helpful in maintaining a healthy weight? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd18

19. Motivated Behaviours: Hunger and Eating – Eating Disorders Obesity appears to result from numerous biological and psychosocial factors. Eating disorders are characterized by an overwhelming fear of becoming obese and explained by multiple biological and psychosocial factors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd19

20. Motivated Behaviours: Hunger and Eating – Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa: an eating disorder characterized by a pathological drive to be thin and severe loss of weight resulting from self-imposed starvation. Bulimia nervosa: an eating disorder characterized by the consumption of large quantities of food (bingeing), followed by vomiting, extreme exercise, or laxative use (purging). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd20

21. Motivated Behaviours: Achievement Characteristics of a high need for achievement (nAch): – Prefers moderately difficult tasks – Competitive – Prefers clear goals with competent feedback – Prefers responsibility – Persistent – More accomplished Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd21

22. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.Explain how anorexia nervosa differs from bulimia nervosa. 2.What are the chief identifying characteristics of people with a high need for achievement (nAch)? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd22

23. Motivated Behaviours: Sexuality Masters and Johnson’s Sexual Response Cycle – Excitement Phase: increasing levels of arousal and engorgement – Plateau Phase: levelling off of high arousal – Orgasm Phase: pleasurable release of tension – Resolution Phase: return to non-aroused state Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd23

24. Motivated Behaviours: Sexuality (Conintued) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd24

25. Motivated Behaviours: Sexuality (Conintued) Sexual Orientation: primary erotic attraction toward members of same sex (homosexual, gay, or lesbian), both sexes (bisexual), or other sex (heterosexual) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd25

26. Motivated Behaviours: Sexuality (Continued) Current Research on Homosexuality: – Genetics: twin studies suggest hereditary influence on sexual orientation – Prenatal hormones: affect fetal brain development and sexual orientation – Note: Ultimate causes of sexual orientation are unknown, but genetics and biology are believed to play significant roles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd26

27. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation: extrinsic rewards may lower interest and motivation 27 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

28. Components and Theories of Emotion Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd28 1.Describe the physiological, cognitive, and behavioural components of emotion. 2.Outline the four major theories of emotion. 3.Explain the cultural similarities and differences in emotion. 4.Review the problems with relying on polygraph testing as a “lie detector.” LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

29. Components and Theories of Emotion Emotion: subjective feeling including arousal, cognitions, and expressions – Three Components of Emotion: 1.Physiological: arousal comes from brain (particularly the limbic system) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) 2.Cognitive: thoughts, values and expectations 3.Behavioural: expressions, gestures, and body positions Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd29

30. Physiological Component and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd30

31. Theories and Concepts of Emotions Can you identify the social smile versus the genuine, “Duchenne” smile? Real smiles involve muscles around both the eyes and cheeks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd31 A B

32. Theories and Concepts of Emotion: Four Theories of Emotion James-Lange: emotions occur after arousal Cannon-Bard: arousal and emotion occur simultaneously Facial-Feedback: facial movements elicit arousal and specific emotions Schachter’s Two-Factor: arousal leads to search for label and then emotion occurs Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd32

33. Overview of Four Theories of Emotion Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd33

34. Can You Explain Why Pleasant Feelings Increase When Teeth Show? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd34

35. What Theory of Emotion is Portrayed in this Figure? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd35

36. Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? An understanding of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation can help you restructure your home, family, work, and college environment to maximize intrinsic rewards, which will increase your enjoyment and persistence in important tasks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd36

37. Culture, Evolution, and Emotion Cultural similarities and differences: 7 to10 culturally universal emotions, but each culture has its own display rules governing how, when, and where to express emotions Role of evolution: strong biological, evolutionary basis for emotional expression and decoding Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd37

38. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion: The Polygraph Polygraph: measures changes in emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd38

39. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion: The Polygraph (Continued) The subject’s response on the GSR does rise in response to the second question. But remember that error rates on the polygraph range from 25% to 75%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd39

40. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.According to the _____ theory of emotions, we see a bear, our hearts race, and we run for cover. Then we feel afraid. 2.The _____ primarily measures arousal and the physiological component of emotions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd40

41. Multimedia Food Addiction Under recognized, Argue Some Is it possible to be addicted to food? Fat Belly Genes Are there stubborn places on your body that are the last to show any weight loss from a diet and the first to show weight gain? It turns out, you can blame your genes. As this ScienCentral report explains, researchers studying diabetes have located three genes that dictate where your body stores fat. Exercise and Genetics Use it or lose it. When it comes to exercise, that's how we stay fit. But, as this ScienCentral News video explains, genetics may control who will be able to stay most active. Ancestry and Obesity Why do African-American women have a higher risk of obesity, while European-American women have a higher risk of osteoporosis? As this ScienCentral News video reports, genetics researchers are attacking these questions through the touchy topic of race. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd41 Web Links Obesity: Animations From the 2004 Holiday Lectures — Science of Fat Dying to be Thin Anorexia, bulimia, and other eating disorders are on the rise. What can be done to help those who are suffering? Obesity Brains A hormone that stops us from eating too much could affect other addictions as well. As this ScienCentral News video explains, that's the conclusion of researchers studying people born without the hormone who got replacement therapy. Contagious Obesity They're the cause of cold and flu season, but did you ever think that viruses might also be making you fat? This ScienCentral News video explains.

42. Multimedia Eating Attitudes Test Use this quiz to help you determine if you might need to see a mental health professional for diagnosis and treatment of anorexia, bulimia, or another eating disorder. National Eating Disorder Information Centre The National Eating Disorder Information Centre (NEDIC) is a Canadian, non-profit organization, established in 1985 to provide information and resources on eating disorders and weight preoccupation. Our goal is to promote healthy lifestyles that allow people to be fully engaged in their lives. Everybody’s Above Average If you think you need to make a new year's resolution to better yourself, odds are you're right. As this ScienCentral News video explains, psychologists who study how we rate ourselves say we consistently over-rate ourselves. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd42 Web Links Brain Blindness We all know that seeing something emotional can distract us, but researchers say that it might even blind us... not in our eyes, but in our brains. This ScienCentral news video explains. Disgust Test your sensitivity to disgust and take part in a real science experiment.

43. Multimedia Ancestry and Obesity (1:32) Why do African-American women have a higher risk of obesity, while European-American women have a higher risk of osteoporosis? As this ScienCentral News video reports, genetics researchers are attacking these questions through the touchy topic of race. Dying to be Thin (1:33) Many Americans have made New Year's resolutions to eat less, exercise more and lose weight. But people with anorexia nervosa do these things to such an extreme that they endanger their health or even their lives. Smart Robots (1:30) Imagine a robot that can smile, frown, and even react to your expressions and emotions. Telling Lies (1:36) Is lying in Internet chat rooms or e-mail more common than lying face-to-face? Or over the phone? As this ScienCentral News video reports, psychologists at Cornell want to find out when people are more likely to lie. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd43 Videos

44. Multimedia The Polygraph Can you tell when someone is telling a lie? At times, it’s easy to tell because what the person says just doesn’t add up. In other cases, it is a person’s emotional cues that tip you off. Human emotion includes three different components: behavioural (expressive), cognitive (thinking), and physiological (arousal). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd44 Animations

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