1. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. NATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITION DAVIDSON DELAY HEYRMAN LYTLE STOFF Chapter 10: The Opening of America

2. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Preview “In the quarter century after 1815 a market revolution transformed the United States into a boom-and-bust, geographically mobile society defined above all by materialism and wealth.” “In the quarter century after 1815 a market revolution transformed the United States into a boom-and-bust, geographically mobile society defined above all by materialism and wealth.” 2

3. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Highlights The Market Revolution The Market Revolution A People in Motion A People in Motion The Rise of Factories The Rise of Factories Social Structures of the Market Society Social Structures of the Market Society Prosperity and Anxiety Prosperity and Anxiety 3

4. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Market Revolution The New Nationalism The New Nationalism –New generation of political leaders –1816: Congress chartered Second Bank of the United States and passed a mildly protective tariff –Support for national internal improvements The Cotton Trade The Cotton Trade –Invention of cotton gin in 1793 by Eli Whitney dramatically altered southern agriculture 4

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6. The Transportation Revolution The Transportation Revolution –Between 1825 and 1855, cost of transportation fell 95%, bringing new regions into the market The Canal Age The Canal Age –Erie Canal completed in 1825 –Canal era dramatically lowered costs of transportation –By 1850, economic depression ended the canal era in spite of its many achievements 6

7. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Steamboats and Railroads Steamboats and Railroads –Because of its size, United States very dependent on river transportation –Steamboats revolutionized transportation in the West, 1820-60 –By the 1850s, railroads came to dominate the transportation system Agriculture in the Market Economy Agriculture in the Market Economy –Gradual shift toward commercial agriculture from small farms –Regional specialization in crops emerged 7

8. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. John Marshall and the Promotion of Enterprise John Marshall and the Promotion of Enterprise –Constitutionality of the national bank –Interstate commerce encouraged by Gibbons v Ogden –Protection of contracts between individuals or companies General Incorporation Laws General Incorporation Laws –Importance of corporations: raising capital, limited liability, incorporation of partnerships and ventures –General incorporation laws enacted 8

9. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. A People in Motion A People in Motion –A high-speed society –“The whole continent presents a scene of scrambling and roars with greedy hurry.” Population Growth Population Growth –Immigration rises after 1830 –In 1830’s some 600,000 immigrants arrived 9

10. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Federal Land Rush The Federal Land Rush –By 1850 almost half of all Americans lived outside the original 13 states –Speculators help settle western lands Geographic Mobility Geographic Mobility –On the road again—by 1850 nearly half of all native- born free Americans lived outside the state where they had been born –The search for economic opportunity influenced Americans’ desires to move 10

11. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Urbanization Urbanization –Urban centers, old and new: important urban centers arose in St. Louis and Cincinnati –The South, with only 10 percent of its people living in cities, was the least urbanized region “All these changes—the growth of the population, the quickening movement westward, and the rising migration to the cities—pointed to a fundamental reorientation of American development.” 11

12. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Rise of Factories Technological Advances Technological Advances –Small-scale manufacturing through factories and cheap transportation –Acceptance of technology—from 1790 to 1860 the US Patent Office granted more patents than England and France combined –Interchangeable parts –Communication—Morse invents the telegraph 12

13. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Postal System The Postal System –Remote areas connected to the rest of the country through the postal system –US had an extensive postal system Textile Factories Textile Factories –Lowell: the first fully integrated textile factory –Hard work in the mills: 6 days a week with 30 minutes for noon meal –Transformation of Lowell from native-born workers to Irish immigrants, causing declining wages 13

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15. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Lowell and the Environment Lowell and the Environment –Reshaping the area’s waterscape to harness water for energy –Damaging effects: flooded farm lands, devastated fish population, contaminated water supply Industrial Work Industrial Work –Artisan system: adaptation to the disciplined factory work routine proved difficult –Transformation of work from pride to productivity 15

16. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Shoe Industry The Shoe Industry –Lynn as the center of shoemaking: Massachusetts town’s population doubled every 20 years during early 1800s –Wages reduced because of number of employees needed –In a little more than a generation shoemaking ceased to be a craft The Labor Movement The Labor Movement –1834: National Trades’ Union formed –Strength of labor unions collapsed with the depression following the Panic of 1837 16

17. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Social Structures of the Market Society Economic Specialization Economic Specialization –Decline of women’s traditional work –New ready-made men’s clothing reduced amount of sewing women did Materialism Materialism –Wealth and status: “Wealth is something substantial. Everybody knows that and feels it.” 17

18. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Emerging Middle Class The Emerging Middle Class –Separation of middle class from manual laborers –Material goods as emblems of success The Distribution of Wealth The Distribution of Wealth –As American society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth appeared –Market society allowed the rich to build up their assets through new investment opportunities 18

19. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Social Mobility Social Mobility –Limits of social mobility –Improved status came through savings and home ownership A New Sensitivity to Time A New Sensitivity to Time –Due to mass production of clocks, ordinary families could now afford them –Clocks began to invade private as well as public space. 19

20. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Market at Work: Three Examples The Market at Work: Three Examples –The market transforms Kingston, New York –Sugar Creek, Illinois –Mountain men and the fur trade “As Americans saw their nation’s frontiers expand and its market economy grow, many began to view history in terms of an inevitable and continuous improvement. The path to commerce, however, was not steadily upward. Rather it advanced in a series of wrenching boom-bust cycles…” 20

21. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Prosperity and Anxiety The Panic of 1819 The Panic of 1819 –National depression –Debts became hard to pay for both city dwellers and rural Americans 21