1. French Revolution Toward a New Political Order

2. Daily Response  Define “revolution”  List as many revolutions as you can

3. Revolution  Usually seen as radical, bloody overthrows of political power followed by the institution of extensive changes in government and society.

4. Revolution vs. Evolution  Revolution: Root in the term evolution –A slow, steady and pervasive change over a long period of time  Re means to do it again, to ∆ nature of things  Do revolutions have to be bloody? –Examples of those that that have not been bloody?

5. Beatles, “Revolution”: RESPONSE  Why have people in the past struggles for their rights?  What do you think of when you hear the term revolution?  What do you know about revolutions?  What’s the difference between a war and a revolution?  Identify conditions existing within a society that would propel people to embark upon a revolution  What does the Beatles’ revolution seem to be about?

6. French Revolution Preview Identify what’s happening in each slide and hypothesize its meaning & significance

9. Not Enough …

10. Experiencing the Fervor of the French Revolution

11. Overview You will experience the stages of the French Revolution by assuming the role of an individual – a monarch, a member of the clergy, or a commoner – in revolutionary France. You will experience the stages of the French Revolution by assuming the role of an individual – a monarch, a member of the clergy, or a commoner – in revolutionary France. 3 Stages to experience: 3 Stages to experience: Financial Crisis Financial Crisis Meeting of the Estates General Meeting of the Estates General Reign of Terror Reign of Terror

12. Stage 1: Financial Crisis

13. Step 1: Background Information You will be assuming the role of members of French society during the 1780s. You will be assuming the role of members of French society during the 1780s. Arrangements: Arrangements: One lord at each manor One lord at each manor Peasants on the floor Peasants on the floor Lords & clergy sit at desks Lords & clergy sit at desks Royalty sit atop desks Royalty sit atop desks Read the description of the character that appears in italics at the top of the role card. Read the description of the character that appears in italics at the top of the role card. Underline important information Underline important information

14. Step 2: Discuss Background Info For each of the following slides, respond to the following questions: For each of the following slides, respond to the following questions: Take notes as we proceed Take notes as we proceed

15. Palace of Versailles Who was King Louis XVI? When did her reign over FR? What was the Palace of Versailles? How did Louis XVI use the palace to increase his power?

16. King Louis XVI Who was King Louis XVI? When did he reign? Who was the Queen of France during King Louis XVI reign?

17. Marie Antoinette Where was she from? Did she express a concern for the French people?

18. Step 3: Peasants Prepare Food Peasants: use scratch paper & scissors to carefully reproduce the food token that appears on you’re your role card Peasants: use scratch paper & scissors to carefully reproduce the food token that appears on you’re your role card Peasants: Remember!! Peasants: Remember!! Food production is crucial to the well-being & stability of French society Food production is crucial to the well-being & stability of French society Your primary function in society is to produce food Your primary function in society is to produce food If you do not reproduce tokens, you will “starve” & lose points for the activity If you do not reproduce tokens, you will “starve” & lose points for the activity You must work until you produce 20 food tokens You must work until you produce 20 food tokens Other members: watch, talk, provide words of encouragement, or simply relax! Other members: watch, talk, provide words of encouragement, or simply relax!

19. Step 4: Peasants Pay Taxes The government will collect taxes and the Church will collect tithes!! The government will collect taxes and the Church will collect tithes!! Lords: Lords: Collect all food tokens from peasants Collect all food tokens from peasants Clergy: Clergy: Go to each manor and take 10% of all food tokens as the Church’s tithe Go to each manor and take 10% of all food tokens as the Church’s tithe Controller-General: Controller-General: Take 50% of the food tokens as the govt’s tax and show it to the king & queen Take 50% of the food tokens as the govt’s tax and show it to the king & queen Lords: Lords: Keep ½ of the rest of the manor’s food tokens & evenly distribute the remaining tokens to the peasants. (**Keep your food tokens for Stage 2!!) Keep ½ of the rest of the manor’s food tokens & evenly distribute the remaining tokens to the peasants. (**Keep your food tokens for Stage 2!!)

20. Step 5: Controller-General: Emergency Announcement Controller-General: read your emergency announcement (appears on Step 5 or your role card) Controller-General: read your emergency announcement (appears on Step 5 or your role card) ……. ……. Realize: Serious measures may be taken to remedy this situation!! Realize: Serious measures may be taken to remedy this situation!!

21. Stage 1: Connecting with History Respond to the following questions: (DON’T write) Respond to the following questions: (DON’T write) 1. How did it feel to be a monarch? The Controller-General? A noble? A member of the clergy? A peasant? 2. How does it feel to be “born” into a role you cannot change? 3. Who has the most power in society? Who has the least? 4. What are some of the advantages of organizing a society in this way? What are some disadvantages? 5. What do you think should have been done to save the French Revolution? 6. In what ways do you think your experience was different from the historical reality? In what ways was it similar?

22. Stage 1: HistoricalSummary Take Notes on the Following Slides!!

23. French Estates Wars w/ Eng. → National Debt (spent > received) Extravagant lifestyle @ Versailles Sharp rise in TAXES!! Peasants burdened - Poor harvests - Paid taxes - ↑ in P of bread

24. Meeting of Estates General (not since 1614!!) To solve financial crisis: Louis XVI called it to meet (*Necker) 3 orders: clergy, nobility, commoners

25. Stage 2: Experiencing the Meeting of the Estates General

26. Step 1: King Assembles Estates General for Advice Receive the role card that corresponds with the role you assumed for Stage 1 Receive the role card that corresponds with the role you assumed for Stage 1 Assume the correct places in the classroom Assume the correct places in the classroom Third Estate needs to stand! Others may sit. Third Estate needs to stand! Others may sit. Carefully read the description of your character Carefully read the description of your character Redistribute tokens Redistribute tokens King Louis XVI speaks: … King Louis XVI speaks: … Class should kneel in reverent silence as he speaks Class should kneel in reverent silence as he speaks Applaud when he is finished Applaud when he is finished

27. Step 2: Three Estates Prepare to Meet Prepare for the meeting of the Estates General Prepare for the meeting of the Estates General Decide whether to vote by head or by order Decide whether to vote by head or by order Draft a proposal to solve the financial crisis Draft a proposal to solve the financial crisis Designate a spokesperson to present the proposal to the king & queen Designate a spokesperson to present the proposal to the king & queen Create a banner with a slogan & a visual symbol representing your estate Create a banner with a slogan & a visual symbol representing your estate Take 20-25 minutes to complete all tasks Take 20-25 minutes to complete all tasks

28. Step 3: Each Estate Proposes a Plan to Save France Spokesperson for the First Estate approach the throne, kneel before monarchs, & present the Estate’s proposal Spokesperson for the First Estate approach the throne, kneel before monarchs, & present the Estate’s proposal Spokesperson from Second Estate “ Spokesperson from Second Estate “ Spokesperson from Third Estate “ Spokesperson from Third Estate “ Third Estate: How do you feel? Third Estate: How do you feel?

29. Step 4: King Proposes Plan to Save France King: Read statement from Step 4 of role card: … King: Read statement from Step 4 of role card: …

30. Step 5: Estates General Vote on King’s Plan Three Estates: Discuss the king’s proposal for 1-2 minutes & then vote by order on it Three Estates: Discuss the king’s proposal for 1-2 minutes & then vote by order on it Take a vote … who wins?? Take a vote … who wins?? King: Read statement from Step 5 on role card: … King: Read statement from Step 5 on role card: … How does the Third Estate feel? How does the Third Estate feel?

31. Step 6: Severe Famine Occurs A severe famine has occurred. Bread prices have doubled. Commoners are having extreme difficulty obtaining food. A severe famine has occurred. Bread prices have doubled. Commoners are having extreme difficulty obtaining food. I will collect all but one token from member of the Third Estate. I will collect all but one token from member of the Third Estate. Bread prices are increasing: they doubled in 1789 … How would you feel?? Bread prices are increasing: they doubled in 1789 … How would you feel??

32. Step 7: Third Estate Respond to the Situation Third Estate: Respond tob the following questions: Third Estate: Respond tob the following questions: 1. Describe what happened at the Estates General 2. How does it feel to be a member of the Third Estate? 3. Do you agree w/ the results of the Estates General? Explain. 4. Which groups had the most power during the Estates General? The least? 5. How did you feel when the famine occurred? Why?

33. Step 7: Third Estate Respond to the Situation 6. What options do the members of the Third Estate have to change their status? 7. How many people of the Third Estate would now vote to meet apart from the privileged orders as the true representatives of the people of France & start their own government? 8. How many people of the First & Second Estates would support the members of the Third Estate who wish to start a new government? Why?

34. Step 7: Third Estate Respond to the Situation Take a vote Take a vote …

35. Step 7: Third Estate Respond to the Situation A REVOLUTION HAS BEGUN!! A REVOLUTION HAS BEGUN!! Revolutionary Students: Hold out one hand in front of you and repeat the actual Tennis Court Oath as follows: Hold out one hand in front of you and repeat the actual Tennis Court Oath as follows: “I swear an oath to God and nation never to be separated until we have formed a solid and equitable Constitution as out constituents have asked us to.” “I swear an oath to God and nation never to be separated until we have formed a solid and equitable Constitution as out constituents have asked us to.”

36. Stage 2: Connecting with History 1.How did it feel to be a monarch during the meeting of the Estates General? The Controller-General? A noble? A member of the clergy? A peasant? 2.For those who voted to meet as a separate body, how did it feel to take that action? 3.For those who chose not to become part of the revolutionary movement, how did it feel to see so many people move toward revolution? 4.Who might have the power in society after the meeting of the Estates General? Who might have the least? 5.What questions do you have about the similarities between your experience and the historical reality? About the differences?

37. Stage 2: HistoricalSummary Take Notes on the Following Slides!!

38. Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789) Clear that Estates General would meet & vote as separate orders … Members of the National Assembly: True Representative Body of FR For a New Constitution (never disband until written)

39. Rumors spread that king’s troops were coming to sack Paris … Storming of the Bastille (July 1789) Medieval fort & prison For gunpowder (defend against King Louis XVI) Revolutionary crowds took it (98 ppl killed, soldiers surrendered Why was this a spark?

40. The March on Versailles (October 5, 1789) ↑ in unemployment & hunger 7,000 desperate women demanded bread (WHY Women??) Invaded palace, killed several guards → King moved to Paris, never to return to Versailles

41. Stage 3: Experiencing the Radical Republic

42. Step 1: Louis XVI Recognizes the National Assembly Receive the role card that correspond with the role you played for Stage 2 Receive the role card that correspond with the role you played for Stage 2 Robespierre: From Third Estate Robespierre: From Third Estate Carefully read the description of your character Carefully read the description of your character **Important: Member of the National Assembly are now considered supporters of the revolution, even if you didn’t support it in Step 5 of Stage 2 **Important: Member of the National Assembly are now considered supporters of the revolution, even if you didn’t support it in Step 5 of Stage 2 Louis XVI makes his speech: … Louis XVI makes his speech: … National Assembly should applaud at the end National Assembly should applaud at the end

43. Step 2: Controller-General Describes the Financial Crisis Controller-General: Make speech from Step 2: … Controller-General: Make speech from Step 2: … See … still financial problems during the revolution … See … still financial problems during the revolution …

44. Step 3: National Assembly Discusses & Proposes Solutions National Assembly: discuss among yourselves solutions to the financial crisis (2-3 minutes) National Assembly: discuss among yourselves solutions to the financial crisis (2-3 minutes) Call any member of your National Assembly to kneel before the monarchs and make your proposal Call any member of your National Assembly to kneel before the monarchs and make your proposal Voice vote Voice vote If approved … do you approve, king? (king: refer to Step 3 on your role card) If approved … do you approve, king? (king: refer to Step 3 on your role card) Continue to work out a compromise Continue to work out a compromise

45. Step 4: Robespierre Announces a Revolutionary Plan Robespierre receives secret document Robespierre receives secret document Robespierre: stand & dramatically read from Step 4: … Robespierre: stand & dramatically read from Step 4: … National Assembly: may examine document as “proof” that the king & queen are traitors National Assembly: may examine document as “proof” that the king & queen are traitors Raise your hands if you’re in favor!! Raise your hands if you’re in favor!!

46. Step 5: National Assembly Puts the King on Trial Robespierre: Ask members of the National Assembly: Robespierre: Ask members of the National Assembly: “Who will speak in defense of this wicked king?” “Who will speak in defense of this wicked king?” King: You may speak on your own behalf King: You may speak on your own behalf Robespierre: if supporters emerge … are they traitors? Call them out!! Robespierre: if supporters emerge … are they traitors? Call them out!! Vote: is king guilty or innocent? Vote: is king guilty or innocent? Robespierre: “Who votes to convict the king as guilty of treason? Robespierre: “Who votes to convict the king as guilty of treason?

47. Step 5: National Assembly Puts the King on Trial The king is convicted and he’s sentenced to death!! The king is convicted and he’s sentenced to death!! ….. By what means?? ….. By what means??

48. Guillotine I will escort the king to the Cemetery …

49. Step 6: Robespierre Leads the Radical Republic Robespierre: read your speech from Step 6 Robespierre: read your speech from Step 6 Begin discussing a new constitution Begin discussing a new constitution Meanwhile … Robespierre: identify traitors to your cause that you want “executed” (6-8) Meanwhile … Robespierre: identify traitors to your cause that you want “executed” (6-8)

50. Now, … go off to the cemetery …

51. Step 7: The Reign of Terror Ends “Robespierre & his followers led this stage of the revolution for almost two years. During that time, France successfully defended itself against invading European armies. However, approximately 40,000 French men & women were executed for “treason”. Treasonous acted included saying, “Down with the Republic” & possessing a book w/ the king’s seal on it. “Robespierre & his followers led this stage of the revolution for almost two years. During that time, France successfully defended itself against invading European armies. However, approximately 40,000 French men & women were executed for “treason”. Treasonous acted included saying, “Down with the Republic” & possessing a book w/ the king’s seal on it. Given these facts, what do you want to do with Robespierre? … Discuss his fate … Given these facts, what do you want to do with Robespierre? … Discuss his fate …

52. Now, … go off to the cemetery …

53. Stage 3: Connecting with History 1.Describe what you observed in this stage of the activity. 2.Why did the National Assembly turn against the king? 3.How did you feel when Robespierre gave his initial speech and showed the secret document? 4.How did you feel when the king was executed? 5.How did you feel towards Robespierre during the Reign of Terror? How did you feel when classmates were executed? 6.How did you feel when Robespierre was executed? 7.What do you think occurred in France after Robespierre was executed? 8.In what ways do you think your experience was different from the French roles you played? In what ways do you think your experience was similar?

54. Stage 3: HistoricalSummary Take Notes on the Following Slides!!

55. Execution: Louis XVI Jan, 1793 Attempted to flee → failed Agreed to sign Constitution Negotiated secretly to restore authority Natl. Convention ruled: GUILTY of treason “ I die innocent of all the crimes of which I have been charged”

56. … with one stroke severed his head from his body. The youngest of the guard, who seamed about eighteen, immediately seized the head, & showed it to the people as he walked around the scaffold. At first an awful silence prevailed, as length some cried of “Long Live the Republic!” were heard … voices multiplied & in less than 10 minutes this cry, a 1000 times repeated, became the universal shout …”

57. Maximilien Robespierre To save FR from “enemies of the nation” Tried citizens for treason against revolution 40,000 ppl executed, often by guillotine Reign of Terror

59. … to the right were benches on which the accused were placed in several rows … to the left was the jury … … the weighty knife was then dropped with a heavy fall; &, with incredible rapidity, two executioners tossed the body into the basket, while another threw the head after it … … the next unfortunate soul was placed in position … October, 1973

60. Coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte Directory: 5 years of disastrous rule Napoleon: ruled as dictator & emperor (15 years) (1799-1814) –Centrally controlled police state –Maintained moderate reforms –Abdicated in 1814 after his armies lost in Russia

61. The French Revolution Caused a … T.E.R.R.O.R. **Write the headings, not the content on the slides … this is just a preview … we’ll go into depth in the near future …

62. T. The Influence of the Enlightenment & American Revolution 1.What kind of govt did enlightened thinkers like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, & Jefferson NOT like? What did they like? 2.What did Locke, and then Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, say people should do if they govt doesn’t protect their rights? 3.What would the Enlightenment & the American Revolution influence the French to do if they were unhappy w/ their govt? -Want democracy -Willing to revolt to get it

63. E. Estate System - 3rd estate treated unfairly by 1st & 2nd 3rd estate = poor & middle class 1st = clergy, 2nd = nobility Q: What does this picture represent? Q: What will the 3rd estate want to do if they feel social injustice, economic distress, & that there is an unpopular method of rule?

64. R. Revolution Begins: Storming of the Bastille 3rd estate: wants rights &3rd estate: wants rights &equality July 14th, 1789: invadeJuly 14th, 1789: invade Bastille prison 3rd estate forms Natl Assembly  people sovereign3rd estate forms Natl Assembly  people sovereign Q: What would Hobbes say should happen now that the people are sovereign?

65. R. Reign of Terror - kills anyone against the revolution 3rd estate radicals use3rd estate radicals use guillotine to execute opponents (17,000) Q: Does the 3rd estate seem at all hypocritical? Q: Does Hobbes seem right or wrong in this case?

66. O. Off With Absolute Monarch Louis XVI’s Head! Q: According to Hobbes, would a govt without a king be able to meet the needs of the people? Why or why not? New Govt = Weak & Corrupt

67. R. Rise of Napoleon  becomes a dictator after coup d’ etat -Coup d’ etat = quick takeover of govt Q: Would Hobbes say things would be better or worse now that an absolute ruler is in charge?

68. Reflection: In the case of the French Revolution, who seems more right, Locke or Hobbes? Why?

69. Stages of the French Revolution Hope Fear Terror Recovery 1788-89 1789-91 1791-941794-95 1788-89 1789-91 1791-941794-95

70. French Revolution: CAUSES Causes: Social (people)Social (people) Economic (money)Economic (money) Political (government)Political (government)

71. Social Causes: 1. Enlightenment 2. Estate System

72. 1. Enlightenment

73. 2. Estate System: 1st Estate 1.CLERGY a. 0.5% of pop b. 10% of land c. PRIVILEGE** Exempt from tailleExempt from taille

74. 2. Estate System: 2nd Estate 2. NOBILITY a.1% of pop b.25% of land c. Govt, military d.Goal expand power @ expense of monarchyexpand power @ expense of monarchy 6. PRIVILEGE: Exempt from tailleExempt from taille

75. 2. Estate System: 3rd Estate 3. COMMONERS a.98% of pop b.65% of land c. Divided: occupation, level of edu, & wealth e. PAID taille

76. 3rd Estate (cont) f. Bourgeoisie Bankers, prof ppl, lawyers, docsBankers, prof ppl, lawyers, docs Drawn to ideals of EnlightenmentDrawn to ideals of Enlightenment WHY??WHY?? Upset With:

77. Economic Causes 1.Spending Too Much wars & court luxurieswars & court luxuries Helped American ColonistsHelped American Colonists Fr. Govt = bankruptFr. Govt = bankrupt

78. Economic (cont) 2. Bad Harvest (1787-1789)  Food Shortages   price of food & unemployment in cities  Food Shortages   price of food & unemployment in cities Louis hires Jacques Necker as finance ministerLouis hires Jacques Necker as finance minister –Advises him to call Estates General (WHY??)

79. Political Causes: Timeline 1.Estates General called (May, 1798) 1st time since 1614!!1st time since 1614!! 2. One vote per Estate (**1st & 2nd could outvote 3rd estate) 3. 3rd Estate wanted: const’l govt, ALL to pay taxes, & each deputy to have 1 vote 4. King refused  3rd Estate called a National Assembly to draw up a constitution 5. Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789): swore they would continue to meet until they produced a Fr. constitution

80. Tennis Court Oath

81. 6. Storming of Bastille Louis prepared to use force against 3rd estate Bastille: prison in Paris; symbol of royal oppression Mob of Parisians stormed Bastille & dismantled it, brick by brick Royal authority collapsed Saved Natl. Assembly July 14, 1789

82. Daily Response I am sure that all of you wish something was different about your life and/or your country and world … THINK: What makes the difference between someone who actually changes and influences the ways things are and someone who doesn’t?

83. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Think & Respond: 1. According to this document, what are the natural (imprescriptible) rights of man? 2. According to this document, can a person be arrested or otherwise “disturbed” because of his religious beliefs? 3. How do the rights listed in number 2 of the document compare to the rights listed in the Bill of Rights?

84. Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen Think & Respond 1. What does the author of this document believe to be the “causes of public misfortunes and of the corruption of governments”? 2. What are the rights of women as listed in this document? 3. In point number 11, the document author says that “the free communication of thoughts & opinions is one of the most precious rights of women.” Add the word “men” to the statement also. As it reads now, do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your answer.

85. Discussion of the Details: 1. What was the purpose of this document? 2. Why do you think Olympe de Gouges felt a need to create a separate declaration of the rights of women? 3. Why did she apparently regard the use of the word ‘men’ to refer to males rather than to humans of both sexes? 4. How did it compare to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen? 5. To the U.S. Bill of Rights? Write 2 Responses to this doc: (on same sheet of paper) 1. One response from the viewpoint of a male in a male-dominated society 2. The other response from the viewpoint of a feminist.

86. Bastille Analysis Write 2 Descriptions: 1. Of storming the Bastille from the point of view of a common soldier defending the prison. 2. Of storming the Bastille from the point of view of a member of the mob. Analysis: In what way would both of these individuals have been pawns of other, more powerful people?

87. Reform 1: Louis XVI is Forced to Paris 1.Louis remained quiet Stayed at Versailles Refused to accept Declaration of Rights 2. Women march to Versailles To force Louis to accept the new decrees (angry over price of bread) Louis agrees to sign; not enough … WHY? –Insisted that royal family return to Paris Louis returned to Paris, escorted by armed women King became virtual prisoner of Paris ** POWER now w/ the PEOPLE** POWER now w/ the PEOPLE 3.Louis Flees: 1791 Brought back → Disloyal monarchBrought back → Disloyal monarch

88. Women’s March for Louis XVI There were “detachments of women coming up from every direction, armed w/ broomsticks, lances, pitchforks, swords, pistols, & muskets” … and upon Louis’ return to Paris, he was escorted by “women armed with pikes, some of which held the severed heads of the king’s guards. “We are bringing back the baker, the baker’s wife, and the baker’s boy.”

89. Reform 2: Constitution 1.Constitution:1791 Limited monarchy –King & Legislative Assembly –Kings power is waning (forced to sign laws) Q: Why is this event so historically significant? Q: How is the king’s power limited?

90. War on Austria  Radicals in FR 1.Austria & Prussia fear: revolutions would spread to their countries Wanted to restore Louis (w/ force)…WHY??Wanted to restore Louis (w/ force)…WHY?? 2. Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in spring of 1792 FR ultimately defeatedFR ultimately defeated 3. Impact: new political demonstrations Emergence of radical groups (esp. against king)Emergence of radical groups (esp. against king) Called a Natl. Conv: to form new govt  RADICAL stageCalled a Natl. Conv: to form new govt  RADICAL stage

91. Meanwhile … A RADICAL Revolution 1.Sans-culottes: symbolic rxn against monarchy 2.Sept, 1792: National Convention First Step: abolish monarchy & establish a republic.First Step: abolish monarchy & establish a republic. –They didn’t trust the king 3. Effects: Push for radical changePush for radical change Rallied country against enemies; urged ppl to fightRallied country against enemies; urged ppl to fight -Sept. Massacres: Sans-culottes killed ppl against the rev. 4. Jan. 21, 1793: King executed (guillotine) Destruction of old regime completeDestruction of old regime complete “Kill king so revolution can live”“Kill king so revolution can live”

92. Louis XVI Killed  Europe Outraged 5.Informal coalition: Austria, Prussia, SP, Port, Brit, Dutch Rep, & Russia: Took up arms against FRTook up arms against FR If coalition invaded:If coalition invaded: –Rev. would be destroyed –Old Regime would be re- est’d

93. Jean- Paul Marat Killed Radical leader of revRadical leader of rev Urged popular violence against supporters of Louis XVIUrged popular violence against supporters of Louis XVI Killed by Charlotte CordeKilled by Charlotte Corde - Girondin MartyredMartyred Symbol of revolutionSymbol of revolution Death of Marat Jacques-Louis David

94. Death of Marat How does the artist portray Marat?How does the artist portray Marat? How is the lighting significant?How is the lighting significant? Who does the artist seem to be comparing Marat to?Who does the artist seem to be comparing Marat to?

95. Marie Antoinette Executed Oct, 1793 Accused of incest (excuse) Symbol of court culture and its corruption –HOW??

96. September Massacres 1.Read through the document & highlight important and/or vivid phrases 2.WRITE: How are the actions described in this account ironic? The revolutionaries are violating the rights they created in order to defend their rights. Which articles are they violating? (Refer to the Declaration of the Rights of Man) Do you see anything in the US and/or the world today that parallels the ideas and actions of the September Massacres?

97. Meeting the Crises: CPS A Collective Dictatorship 1.Created Committee of Public Safety Q: What is implied by the name of this? Leader: Maximilien Robespierre –Led Jacobins (mod. Revolutionaries = Girondins) Control over FR (1793-94) 2.Declared universal mobilization of FR (August 23, 1793) Fr. Revolutionary Army: 1,169,000 by 1794 **Imp. step in creation of modern nationalism (devotion to one’s country) (now, creation of a ppl’s govt)

98. Reign of Terror To Strike Terror in Enemies of Revolution 1.Against internal enemies. 2.In 9 mo.: 16,000 ppl killed by guillotine (quick & efficient separation of heads from bodies) 3.Quicker killing: cannon fire & grapeshot (sm. cluster of iron balls) used.

99. An Eyewitness to the Terror “Whole ranges of houses, always the most handsome, burnt. The churches, convents, and all the dwellings of the former patricians were in ruins. When I came to the guillotine, the blood of those who had been executed a few hours beforehand was still running in the street … I said to a group of citizens that it would be decent to clear away all this human blood. Why should it be cleared? one of them said to me. It’s the blood of aristocrats and rebels. The dogs should lick it up.”

100. More on Terror … “The reign of terror was felt throughout France. In the city of Nantes the prosecutor, jean- Baptiste Carrier, did not need a guillotine … In a 2 month period of time he executed over 2,000 people … Q: What are some ways someone could execute 2,000 people in 60 days??

101. More on Terror … (cont) … He forced them into the hulls of boats and had them capsized in the Loire river. Anyone who attempted to climb out of the water - including children and pregnant women - were hacked with swords. Because of the large number of bodies in the river, disease broke out in the town, killing even more people.

102. Rxn to Terror: The Directory (1794) 1. Needed Stability FR defeating enemiesFR defeating enemies Less need for Reign of Terror, but cont’dLess need for Reign of Terror, but cont’d Robespierre guillotined July 28, 1794  moderate leaders took control & terror overRobespierre guillotined July 28, 1794  moderate leaders took control & terror over 2. The Directory (5 directors) Executive AuthorityExecutive Authority Era of corruption (ppl reacted against terror)Era of corruption (ppl reacted against terror) Unable to solve FR’s econ. probsUnable to solve FR’s econ. probs Relied on mil. to maintain power  coup d’etat: Napoleon seized power (1799)Relied on mil. to maintain power  coup d’etat: Napoleon seized power (1799)

103. Following the Directory … Napoleon Bonaparte

104. Daily Response 1.Do you believe you have a destiny? 2.If so, how will you find it, or will it find you? … We’re going to look at 3 quotes … each one represents a different view of what destiny means. … We’re going to look at 3 quotes … each one represents a different view of what destiny means.

105. “The longest journey Is the journey inwards Of him who has chosen his destiny.” - Dag Hammarskjold (1905-1961) Q: What view of destiny do you think this quote represents?

106. “ Sow a habit, & you reap a character, Sow a character, & you reap a destiny.” - Anon. Q: What view of destiny do you think this quote represents?

107. “’Tis all a Checkerboard of Nights & Days Where Destiny with Men for Pieces Plays.” - Edward Fitzgerald (1809-1883) Q: What view of destiny do you think this quote represents?

108. Napoleon I. Early Years (only 5’2”!!) A. Born 1769, Corsica (only 5’2”!!) B. FR mil. school (“foreigner”)  army C. Welcomed FR Rev. Joined Ppl’s Army (witnessed attacks on nobles : cutting off ears & genitals)  Never liked crowds (witnessed attacks on nobles : cutting off ears & genitals) Promo: General  Commander Many victories (1796-99) D. Married Josephine (widow, lover of many men) E. 1799: Joined conspiracy to overthrow Directory Appt’d consul: reformed govt, edu, law, econ, rel (Rom Cath) 1802: Consul for life

109. Napoleon II. Dictator (1804) (after Brit. Plot to assassinate him, Senate urged him to est. hereditary dynasty) A.Crowned himself (after Brit. Plot to assassinate him, Senate urged him to est. hereditary dynasty) B.Victories: GB, Prussia, Austria, Russia C.1814: Abdicated throne in favor of son Sen.: only accept unconditional abdication (annexed to FR in 1802) D.Exiled to Elba (annexed to FR in 1802) Treaty of Fountainbleu: N received Elba; still Emperor III. Personal Life A.1809: Divorced Josephine (no male heir) B.1810: Married Marie Louis (gave male heir)

110. Napoleon IV. FR After Napoleon A.Living in the past B.Louis XVIII: so fat, can barely walk C.Nobles: favoritism D.Clergy: rising in power E.Ppl yearn for Napoleon to return V. “100 Days” (“I must give FR a constitution … the time for dictatorship is over”) A.N leaves Elba for FR (“I must give FR a constitution … the time for dictatorship is over”) B.King’s troops meet N in Alps  troops join N C.Louis XVIII flees  N to Paris  100 Days (off coast of Africa) D.Defeated @ Waterloo (Allies don’t want N)  exiled to St. Helena (off coast of Africa)  Dies 1821

111. Napoleon Segment 3 Response Take out: “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”Take out: “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen” Make a chart which contrasts France under the Ancien Regime and France after the Revolution.Make a chart which contrasts France under the Ancien Regime and France after the Revolution. -How might these changes affect Napoleon’s opportunities to rise in the army? - What has happened to many of the aristocrats who used to lead the army?

112. Segment 3 (cont.) - How has the US Constitution and the changes people have continually made to it affected your opportunities?

113. Napoleon: Segment 4 THINK: Can two people be destined for one another? 1. What does it show about Napoleon’s view of his life that inscribed Josephine’s wedding gift with the words “To Destiny”? - What do you think he meant by this & why did he write it to her? 2.What do Napoleon & Josephine share in common? (Character traits, background, ambitions, etc.) 3. What does Napoleon gain through an alliance with Josephine? 4. What does Josephine gain through an alliance with Napoleon?

114. What Influences Me? Compare how your charts reflect life in the 21st century, as opposed to life in the 20th, 19th, or 19th centuries. Now that you have watched the video, compare your lives to Napoleon’s, and write what similarities & differences you see. **Later, you’ll complete a similar sheet for Napoleon’s life and justify you choices for what you believe influenced him most.

115. Napoleon Destiny Response 1. Did Napoleon create his destiny by virtue of the fact the he believed he had one? 2. What role did his individual talents & force of character play? 3. What effect did the unfolding events of history play in shaping his life? 4. How did he impose his will on the destiny of Europe?

116. 5. Did Napoleon advance because of His birth & station in life?His birth & station in life? His talentsHis talents Chance or luckChance or luck His strategic use of historical events His connection to important peopleHis strategic use of historical events His connection to important people His own ambitionHis own ambition

117. Napoleon Diary Entry Write an illustrated diary entry for a soldier who met Napoleon at the battle you are assigned to (3/4 - 1 page).Write an illustrated diary entry for a soldier who met Napoleon at the battle you are assigned to (3/4 - 1 page). Describe the battle and Napoleon in this entry.Describe the battle and Napoleon in this entry. You will share you diary entry with others and record information from their diary entries.You will share you diary entry with others and record information from their diary entries.

118. Napoleon Return to the 3 quotes at the beginning of the unit on Napoleon. Which view of destiny do you feel most applies to Napoleon? With which of these 3 quotes do you think Napoleon himself who have most agreed?