1. The Time Between the Wars (WWI to WW2-2 nd 30yr War?)

2. IN FLANDERS FIELDS the poppies blow Between the crosses row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid te guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields. WWI Ends

3. Europe recovered from World War I Society faced rapid change Depression Changes in government Stage is set for World War II

4. Recovery Full scale war, -> economies devoted entirely to the war effort The Allied and Central Powers spent $200 billion fighting the war Nearly every major European country was bankrupt by 1918

5. Recovery, Part 2 15 to 20 million dead, (civilians and military) Locations of battles left heavy destruction and unusable land->Belgium/France

6. Aftermath of World War I 1920s and 30s time of reexamination Lost Generation Exhausted Europe reflected -> devastating War New Authoritarian Governments, Fascist and Communist, spread through Europe

7. Surrealism- “The Face of War” by Salvador Dali New Art forms such as Surrealism and Dadaism examined the ideas brought forth by Sigmund Freud, the Unconscious The Art also reflected the insanity of War Dadaism

8. Dada ( Degenerate Art ?/ This is what Hitler called it )- otto dix Note this is a triptych (3 piece art) which is commonly placed by an altar

9. More Degenerate Art- George Grosz

10. Treaties Germans -> peace according to Wilson’s Fourteen Points Actual treaty was harsh towards Germany –Lost land (Alsace/Czech/Poland) –All territories Africa and Pacific German military power extremely limited –War guilt clause –$31 billion in war reparations –BUT NOT AS HARSH AS THE GERMAN’S IMPOSED ON RUSSIA –BREST-LITOVSK

11. League of Nations Other treaties based on agreements among the Allied powers End of Empires! Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungarian empire split up- >New Balance of Power- Brest-Litovsk btw Germany and Russia cancelled and Russia recovered land, new countries formed- Poland, Baltic States, Finland

12. Unstable Governments ->economic and war recovery problems, – Eastern and Central. Europe- figuring out democracy ->shaky situation (little liberal history, strong conservative elements) By mid 1920s->Dictatorships- Authoritarian Government- (except Czechoslovakia) Coalition governments Dependent on American economy and investment

13. Weak Governments lead to Extremism in East- Vacillating Govts in West By the end of the 1920s most of Eastern Europe was dominated by the military –Some countries (eg Hungary) had short experiences w/Communist Government that was quickly overrun-> long term “red” fear –Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary all became effectively military governments, only Czechoslovakia -> democracy –England and France weak coalition governments

14. Germany ->Weimar Republic Proportional Government -> weak coalitions Weimar- City in Germany where Constitution was created Social Democratic Party ruled Later Conservatives (Von Hindenburg) SDP initially most powerful Strong Communist party ARTICLE 48!-DICTATORIAL POWERS

15. Early Crisis- Saar Basin- Ruhr Valley Germany fails to pay full Reparations (1922)- France Occupies mines- upsets Britain- Germans unite! -Constant issue of Reparations US doesn’t demand Reparations but does demand repayment of War Debt- Heavy Burden

16. Germany 1920s Economic Problems- Hyperinflation Weak and unstable “Weimar Republic” -> breeding ground for radicals Govt. failed to raise taxes in WWI>solve debt>print $$$$

17. Treaties/Agreements 1920s Refinancing the Debt->Dawes plan and subsequent Young Plan- Stabilized SPD and Germany! Locarno Pact 1925- reasserting borders but not Poland! (Stressemen) Kellogg-Briand Pact Little Entente- Czech, Yugoslavia, Romania

18. Great Britain- The sun begins to Set? Sort of Reliance on British countries in WWI -> Commonwealth Irish Question- Irish independence? 21+6? Ghandi in India, Egypt Protectorate Slow Economy throughout 1920s A last gasp before dominance begins to Fade (had its’ own Iraq problem)

19. France 1920 and 30s Highly dependent upon Reparations –Paid them in 1815 and 1871 –Some felt that not enough Retribution Conservative Governments dominated in the 20s, more liberal Governments in 1930s Sizeable followings of both socialism and fascism –Anti-Semitism lingered under the surface, however in the 1930s Leon Blum, a Jew was Prime Minister Institutes 5 day 40hr workweek

20. Rise of Extremism Fear/Anxiety->lose faith in democratic government –Turn to extremism (communism, fascism) –Subordination of the individual to the State Fascism – “born of the need for action” –Extreme nationalism –Authoritarian leaders- –Absolute loyalty –Censorship –Dictatorial one party rule –Denied individual rights –Each class has a function

21. Rise of Extremism Economic and Social Problems lead to extremism (communism, fascism) Fascism – “born of the need for action” –Extreme nationalism –Authoritarian leaders-Dictators –One Party Government –Censorship –Limited Civil Rights

22. Appeal What groups of people are attracted to –Fascism? –Communism? Each involves SUBORDINATION of the person to the STATE

23. Chart of ideologies

24. Italy Believed sacrifices during WWI were in vain- –Versailles didn’t properly compensate Italy Severe economic crisis, didn’t want communism –“red” fear (Bolsheviks) Weak Coalition Governments- Proportional Representation Benito Mussolini – promised to rescue Italy Takes over government in 1922-bloodless –King Victor Emmanuel –Fascists- reconstitute Italian Parliament (25% rule) Model of fascism- MADE THE TRAINS RUN ON TIME

25. Mussolini’s Palace

26. Life for Europeans changes at an unheard of pace Travel and Mass Media become commonplace

27. Depression Worldwide Economic Depression October 24, 1929, stock market fell Germany/Austria particularly hard hit Depression v. Recession, what’s the Difference?

28. Depression, cont. Businesses, banks, and factories closed American economy collapses! Reverbates- >European economies Unemployment skyrockets->Deflation Austrian Bank fails 1930-> German bank failure-econ. Collapse (sound familiar?)

29. Solutions In U.S. – the New Deal In Europe – democratic groups failed, and anti- democratic leaders step in France – Popular Front (Communists and Socialists) Britain – National Government (all party coalition)- cuts???anti- keynsian

30. John Maynard Keynes Spend $$$$$$$ out of a Recession-STIMULATE British Economist –Theorized ->deep recession-> Paradox of Thrift- Consumers->Save instead of Spend, compounding the Recessionary Problems Government MUSTspend –Book General Theory on Employment, Interest and Money (1936) –Short Run Matters->Long Run we’re all dead –Major effect on Post WW II Economics--Also argued against Protectionist Trade Policies Along w/Smith, Malthus and Ricardo- One of the most important Economists in World History!!! Member of the Bloomsbury Group- w/Virginia Woolf, EM Forster

31. American Isolationism Most Americans -> avoid political ties to other countries Rejected Treaty of Versailles and didn’t join League of Nations Economically (banks and industry), heavily connected to Europe (Dawes and Young Plans)

32. Fascism v. Communists and Republicans Spanish Civil War Conservatives and Fascists fought Socialists and Liberals (Republicans) -Republicans won elections but military unaccepting. Germany and Italy will provide military support for the Fascists -Soviet Union (Russia) will provide support for the Communists - Fascists Win, led by Francisco Franco

33. Spain - civil war- Guernica Guernica was the site of the 1 st aerial bombing of a city- 1000s indiscriminately killed Saturation Bombing- precursor to Dresden (WW2) Painting by Pablo Picasso

34. Germany Harsh deal? from Versailles Treaty- Conservatives remained in Power- Late 1920s recovery until->Great Depression ->unemployment Left/Right split Nazis gain power 1933 Adolf Hitler – promised the people what they wanted elected Chancellor

35. One Theory From Luther and sell out of Peasant’s Revolt->30yr War and increased Serfdom- >Prussia (militarism)>Volksculture- Reaction to Napoleonism? >Burschenschafen-> Hegel (Subordination of the indiv. To State->Nietzche (Uberman)->Wagner (German Myth)- >Chamberlain (virulent Anti-semitism)- >Wilhelm II-> Hilter

36. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) was almost as disastrous to the future of Germany as the war had been. The German princes, who had sided with France and Sweden, were confirmed as absolute rulers of their little domains, some 350 of them, the Emperor remaining merely as a figurehead so far as the German lands were concerned. The surge of reform and enlightenment which had swept Germany at the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth centuries was smothered. In that period the great free cities had enjoyed virtual independence; feudalism was gone in them, the arts and commerce thrived. Even in the countryside the German peasant had secured liberties far greater than those enjoyed in England and France. Indeed, at the beginning of the sixteenth century Germany could be said to be one of the fountains of European civilization…. Now, after the Peace of Westphalia, it was reduced to the barbarism of Muscovy. Serfdom was reimposed, even introduced in areas where it had been unknown. The towns lost their self-government. The peasants, the laborers, even the middle-class burghers, were exploited to the limit by the princes, who held them down in a degrading state of servitude. The pursuit of learning and the arts all but ceased. The greedy rulers had no feeling for German nationalism and patriotism and stamped out any manifestations of them in their subjects. Civilization came to a standstill in Germany. The Reich, as one historian has put it, ”was artificially stabilized at a medieval level of confusion and weakness.” From The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich

37. Early US Report on Adolf Hitler Captain Smith wrote a lengthy report which the embassy dispatched to Washington on November 25, 1922. “The most active political force in Bavaria at the present time is the National Socialist Labor Party. Less a political party than a popular movement, it must be considered as the Bavarian counterpart to the Italian fascist!... It has recently acquired a political influence quite disproportionate to its actual numerical strength...Adolf Hitler from the very first has been the dominating force in the movement, and the personality of this man has undoubtedly been one of the most important factors contributing to its success... His ability to influence a popular assembly is uncanny. In private conversation he disclosed himself as a forceful and logical speaker, which, when tempered with a fanatical earnestness, made a very deep impression on a neutral listener.” Colonel Smith, who later served as American military attache in Berlin during the early years of the Nazi regime From The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich

38. National Socialist German Workers Party 1923 Beer Hall Putsch- involved Ludendorf 1924- Mein Kampf- while in luxury Prison? Mid 20s Roehm’s stormtroopers (Brownshirts-SA)-Later SS too! (others had their thugs)

39. Beer Hall Putsch ”The National Revolution has begun!” Hitler shouted. ’This building is occupied by six hundred heavily armed men. No one may leave the hall. Unless there is immediate quiet 1 shall have a machine gun posted in the gallery. The Bavarian and Reich governments have been removed and a provisional national government formed. The barracks of the Reichswehr and police are occupied. The Army and the police are marching on the city under the swastika banner.” …At any rate a shot was fired and in the next instant a volley of shots rang out from both sides, spelling in that instant the doom of Hitler’s hopes. Scheubner- Richter fell, mortally wounded. Goering went down with a serious wound in his thigh. Within sixty seconds the firing stopped, but the street was already littered with fallen bodies – sixteen Nazis and three police dead or dying, many more wounded and the rest, including Hitler, clutching the pavement to save their lives. Rise and Fall of the Third Reich

40. Mein Kampf- Not a Bestseller- –9,473 copies (1925),. 6,913 (1926), 5,607 (1927), 3,015 (1928), 7,664 (1929), rose with the fortunes of the Nazi Party in 1930, when an inexpensive one- volume edition at eight marks appeared, to 54,086, 50,808 (1931), 90,351 (1932) From Mein Kampf –“All the human culture, all the results of art, science and technology that we see before us today, are almost exclusively the creative product of the Aryan … he alone was the founder of all higher humanity, there- fore representing the prototype of all that we understand by the word ”man.” He is the Prometheus of mankind from whose shining brow the divine spark of genius has sprung at all times, forever kindling anew that fire of knowledge which illumined the night of silent mys- teries and thus caused man to climb the path to mastery over the other beings of this earth... It was he who laid the foundations and erected the walls of every great structure in human culture.”

41. Rise to Power 1928 Election- Nazi Party wins 12 Seats Late 20s Coalition Govt formed -> fails 3/30 1930 Election Nazi->107 Seats –SA 1 Million members 5/32 Hitler v. Von Hindenburg for President-> Hindenburg’s wins 7/32 Nazi party wins 230 seats 37% 11/32 party 196 seats 33%- Attempt at Coalition govt alienates conservatives 1/30/33 Hitler named Chancellor 2/27/33 Reichstag Fire->Communists blamed art 48 imposed 3/33 Nazi party wins 288 seats 43.9% 3/23/33 Enabling Act 5/33 Nazi Party seizes offices, banks, newspapers and free trade unions 7/33 Nazi Party sole legal party 6/34 SA leader Roehm and prior chancellor killed (Night of Long Knives) 8/34 Hindenburg dies, Hitler- President and Chancellor

42. Rise of German Nazism Nazi Party elected 1933 Stages fire? in Reichstag- blames Communists-outlaws other parties Creates Dictatorship (48) Use of Propaganda to build support http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rmTiC0nJSw&skipcontrinter=1

43. Anti-Semitic Laws Passed Mein Kampf, (written while in prison-after Beer Hall Putsch) overt->Jews were a plague on Germany 1933 Jews excluded from Civil Service (including teaching) 1933 Dachau established Beginning NOT JEWS- political prisoners! 1935 Nuremberg Laws passed limiting Jewish Employment and citizenship November 1938->Kristallnacht

44. Americans and Nazi ideals Henry Ford- The Dearborn Independent May 22, 1920, "The International Jew: The World's Problem." "There is a race, a part of humanity which has never yet been received as a welcome part." This people, … has ever been fouling the earth and plotting to dominate it. In order to eventually rule the Gentiles, the Jews have long been conspiring to form an "international super-capitalist government." (This racial problem).. "prime" question confronting all society. -Ford frequently accused the Jews of causing a decline in American culture, values, products, entertainment, and even worse, of being the instigators of World War I. Who Financed Hitler; The Secret Funding of Hitler's Rise to Power Charles Lindberg- Jews were trying, partly through their ownership of the media, to draw America into the war. Lindbergh represented America First Eugenics- Forced Sterilizations 1920s Jim Crow, Chinese Exclusion Act etc… Resettlement- (true in many other countries too…Trail of Tears, Indian Bureau)

45. Foreign Policy Axis Power Disarmament talks ended, Rearmament upsurge Austrian Nazis kill Austrian Chancellor 1933 Naval Agreement w/Britain 1935 Removes League of Nations 1936 Germany and Italy form alliance- Rome-Berlin Axis Italy in 1935 invaded Ethiopia Japan Joins Axis as well

46. Kristalnacht 11/10/38 Pogrom? - Night of the Broken Glass- German Jew kills German diplomat in Paris- Germans riots against Jews. Jewish businesses and synagogues are destroyed- police turn their backs. Hundreds of Jews are killed or wounded

47. Japan The Depression -> military leaders took control Planned to solve economic problems -> Pacific empire Ruled in emperor’s name

48. Germany on the March violates the Treaty of Versailles 1938-Occupies the Sudetenland part of Czechoslovakia 1937 Germany forms a union with Austria- Anschluss One Culture, One Fuhrer - 1936 Remilitarizes the Rhine

49. Munich Conference-Appeasement Hitler meets with Britain (Prime Minister Chamberlain) as well as France- Germany promises the Occupation of the Sudetenland is the last thing they’ll do

50. The Church and Churches Pius XI- –Concordat with Nazis 1933 Later sent objections to Nazi- treatment of Church (though not to others) 1938 Objected to racism –Lateran Treaty with Mussolini 1929 Majority Protestant Pastors Germany failed to object Pacelli->Pius XII- Anti-Semite->negotiated treaty Germany Bolshevik’s and Communists—Ousted Church

51. Soviet Union Lenin dies->Trotsky’s ousted->Stalin gains power –Stalin- Bureaucrat->headed the party- Politburo >through patronage built up a strong base –Trotsky favored radical economic changes Lost favor->Stalin didn’t take a position

52. Collectivization 1929 Kulaks (primarily Ukrainian farmers) ordered to collectivize 1930s Millions exiled- perish

53. 5 Year Plans Heavy Industry Russia witnesses explosive growth Centrally planned economy –Ignore consumer economy Urbanization Education-as means of advancement –Especially sciences

54. Purges 1933-> Great Purges begin –Bukharin architect of NEP executed 1938 Moves to countryside –Local leaders use purges

55. Soviets (Russia) and German Agree to Non-Aggression Pact (1939) Note: 1920s Soviets facilitated German violations of Treaty Versailles. Nonetheless Ironic- Anti-Communist signs w/ardent Communist

56. September 1, 1939- WWII Begins Poland Invaded France and Britain allied with Poland will enter War

57. Women in Totalitarian Regimes Low Birth Rate- why? –Attempts to build up Population Awards for big families (largely ineffective) Fascists (far right) –Traditional in Nature- >Kinder, Kirche, Kuche (german-Children, Church and Kitchen) Communist –Initially some increased rights, ->later retrenchment- Matushka

58. Culture and Art Streams of Consciousness –Effect of Freud on Literature James Joyce Ulysses- (some say the greatest English Novel) –24 hours in the life of Leopold Bloom through the streets of Dublin Bloomsbury Group (not related to L. Bloom above)

59. Science Jung (Psychology) –Building on Freud –Argues the Id- collective conscience Similarities of Myths etc…some commonality, morality Rutherford and Heisenberg (Physics) –Atomic Research and Uncertainty Principle –Laying the groundwork for atomic energy research