1. Kuliah Psikologi Sosial I
Person, situation, interaction an introduction to the social psychological perspective
Kuliah Psikologi Sosial I

2. Ross and McDougall: Two Early Versions of Social Psychology
The year was 1908, a sociologist, Edward Ross and the other a psychologist, William McDougall, published their separate introductory textbooks in social psychology.
Both were concerned with understanding the relationships between person and society and therefore their field was called social psychology; however, each offered a different analysis.

3. Ross and McDougall: Two Early Versions of Social Psychology
Ross emphasized the important role that social and situational factors played in shapping the person;
McDougall stressed the role that person factors played in shaping social interaction and society.
According Ross: Human Behavior = f (situational factors)
According Behavior: Human Behavior = f (person factors)

4. Social Psychology
The scientific study of the ways in which the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of one individual are influenced by the real, imagined, or inferred behavior or characteristics of other people.
Social psychology – the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people

5. Characteristics of social psychology
The level of analysis is the individual in the social context (i.e., how an individual influences and is influenced by other individuals)
Social psychology studies individuals’ overt behaviors as well as their internal psychological states such emotions, motivations, and beliefs
Social psychologists use the scientific method to answer questions

6. Scientific Description and Explanation
Social Psychology, like any science, involves:
Description – careful and reliable observation
Explanation – development of theories that connect and organize observations

7. Scientific Description and Explanation
Theories are scientific explanations that:
Connect and organize existing observations
Suggest fruitful paths for future research.

8. Major Theoretical Perspectives
Sociocultural
Evolutionary
Social Learning
Social Cognitive

9. Sociocultural
Sociocultural perspective – a theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in influences from larger social groups
E.g., norms within cultural groups, social class differences, nationality/ethnicity, fads

10. Evolutionary
Evolutionary perspective – a theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in the physical and psychological predispositions that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce

11. Evolutionary What drives social behavior?
Genetic predispositions inherited from our ancestors that promoted their survival and reproduction, such as:
The tendency to automatically recognize an angry face
The tendency for mothers to feel protective of their children

12. Social Learning
Social learning perspective – a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on past learning experiences as determinants of a person’s social behaviors

13. Social Learning What drives social behavior?
Classically conditioned preferences
For example, the feeling of fear at sight of person who hit you.
Habits rewarded by other people
For example, a boy who fights frequently after his father praised him for winning fight with neighborhood bully.

14. Social Learning What drives social behavior?
Imitating the rewarded behavior of others
For example, buying a gun after seeing a movie in which the hero wins true love after shooting half the people in his girlfriend’s neighborhood.

15. Social Cognitive
Social cognitive perspective – a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on the mental processes involved in paying attention to, interpreting, and remembering social experiences
E.g., self-enhancing biases

16. The study of social behavior
Descriptive methods involve attempts to measure or record behaviors, thoughts or feelings in their natural state.
Experimental methods involve attempts to manipulate social processes by varying some aspect of the situation.

17. Descriptive Methods
Social psychologists use five major types of descriptive methods:
Naturalistic Observation
Case Studies
Archives
Surveys
Psychological Tests

18. Experiments
An experiment is a research method in which the researcher sets out to systematically manipulate one source of influence while holding others constant.

19. Experiments
Independent variable – the variable manipulated by the experimenter
Dependent variable – the variable measured by the experimenter

20. Experiments
Social psychologists use two major types of experimental methods:
Laboratory experiments
Field experiments

21. Experiments Advantages: Disadvantages: Allows cause-effect conclusions
Allows control of extraneous variables
Disadvantages:
Artificial situations may not represent relevant events as they naturally unfold (subjects’ responses may not be natural, since they know they are being observed).

24. Orientation in Social Psychology
The Reinforcement-Theory Orientation
The Field-Theoritical Orientation
The Cognitive Orientation
The Psychoanalytic Orientation
Role Theory