1. Environmental Science Science Content Review ELED 4312 Dr. Lee

2. Topics Acid Rain Acid Rain Global Warming (Greenhouse Effect) Global Warming (Greenhouse Effect) Bad & Good Ozone Bad & Good Ozone Waste Management (Recycling) Waste Management (Recycling)

3. What is Acid Rain? Acid rain is rain that is more acidic than normal. Acid rain is a complicated problem. Caused by air pollution, acid rain's spread and damage involves weather, chemistry, soil, and the life cycles of plants and animals on the land and from acid rain in the water. Acid rain is rain that is more acidic than normal. Acid rain is a complicated problem. Caused by air pollution, acid rain's spread and damage involves weather, chemistry, soil, and the life cycles of plants and animals on the land and from acid rain in the water.

4. PH: Measuring for acidity pH is a measure of how acidic the water is. pH is a measure of how acidic the water is. The pH notation is an index of Hydrogen's chemical activity in a solution. The pH notation is an index of Hydrogen's chemical activity in a solution. pH is a Log Scale Unit of Measure, and is used to express the degree of acidity of a substance. pH is a Log Scale Unit of Measure, and is used to express the degree of acidity of a substance. Values will range from pH 1 to pH 2 for strong acids, through pH 7 for neutral solutions such as ultra pure water, on up to values of pH 11 and higher for very strong bases like lye. Values will range from pH 1 to pH 2 for strong acids, through pH 7 for neutral solutions such as ultra pure water, on up to values of pH 11 and higher for very strong bases like lye.

5. PH Scale

6. Effects of Acid Rain Soil: Acid rain can damage soil by destroying many vital substances and washing away the nutrients. Soil: Acid rain can damage soil by destroying many vital substances and washing away the nutrients. Tree: The acid takes important minerals away from the leaves and the soil. Without these minerals, trees and plants cannot grow properly. Damaged trees lose their leaves, have stunted growth and damaged bark. This makes it easier for fungi and insects to attack the tree, and as a result the tree may die. Tree: The acid takes important minerals away from the leaves and the soil. Without these minerals, trees and plants cannot grow properly. Damaged trees lose their leaves, have stunted growth and damaged bark. This makes it easier for fungi and insects to attack the tree, and as a result the tree may die. Some fish and animals, such as frogs, have a hard time adapting to and reproducing in an acidic environment. Some fish and animals, such as frogs, have a hard time adapting to and reproducing in an acidic environment.

7. What Can I Do for prevention of Acid Rain? Avoid burning trash or leaves. Avoid burning trash or leaves. Conserve energy. Reduction in demand for oil and coal reduces the amount of acid rain. Conserve energy. Reduction in demand for oil and coal reduces the amount of acid rain.

8. Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from the sun. The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from the sun.

9. Example of Greenhouse Effect

10. Greenhouse Gases These gases, mainly water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), all act as effective global insulators. These gases, mainly water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), all act as effective global insulators. Without these gases, heat would escape back into space and Earth’s average temperature would be about 60ºF colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases. Without these gases, heat would escape back into space and Earth’s average temperature would be about 60ºF colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases.

11. Importance of Greenhouse Effect Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would not be warm enough for humans to live. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would not be warm enough for humans to live. Yet, if the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, it could make the Earth warmer than usual. Even a little extra warming may cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. Yet, if the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, it could make the Earth warmer than usual. Even a little extra warming may cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. Global Warming: Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earth's temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate. A warmer Earth may lead to changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea level, and a wide range of impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans. Global Warming: Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earth's temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate. A warmer Earth may lead to changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea level, and a wide range of impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans.

12. Bad Ozone: Ground-level Ozone In the troposphere, the air closest to the Earth's surface, ground-level or "bad" ozone is a pollutant that is a significant health risk, especially for children with asthma. In the troposphere, the air closest to the Earth's surface, ground-level or "bad" ozone is a pollutant that is a significant health risk, especially for children with asthma. It also damages crops, trees and other vegetation. It is a main ingredient of urban smog. It also damages crops, trees and other vegetation. It is a main ingredient of urban smog. Ground-level ozone is created by a chemical reaction between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. Ground-level ozone is created by a chemical reaction between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight.NOx

13. Good Ozone: stratospheric Ozone The stratosphere, or "good" ozone layer extends upward from about 6 to 30 miles and protects life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. The stratosphere, or "good" ozone layer extends upward from about 6 to 30 miles and protects life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. This natural shield has been gradually depleted by man-made chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). This natural shield has been gradually depleted by man-made chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). A depleted ozone shield allows more UV from the sun to reach the ground, leading to more cases of skin cancer, cataracts, and other health problems. A depleted ozone shield allows more UV from the sun to reach the ground, leading to more cases of skin cancer, cataracts, and other health problems.

14. The Ozone Layer “The ozone layer" refers to the ozone within stratosphere, where over 90% of the earth's ozone resides. “The ozone layer" refers to the ozone within stratosphere, where over 90% of the earth's ozone resides. Ozone is an irritating, corrosive, colorless gas with a smell something like burning electrical wiring. Ozone is an irritating, corrosive, colorless gas with a smell something like burning electrical wiring. Each molecule of ozone has three oxygen atoms (O3) and is produced when oxygen molecules (O2) are broken up by energetic electrons or high energy radiation. Each molecule of ozone has three oxygen atoms (O3) and is produced when oxygen molecules (O2) are broken up by energetic electrons or high energy radiation.

15. Importance of Ozone Layer The ozone layer absorbs 97-99% of the sun's high frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially damaging to life on earth. The ozone layer absorbs 97-99% of the sun's high frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially damaging to life on earth. Every 1% decrease in the earths ozone shield is projected to increases the amount of UV light exposure to the lower atmosphere by 2%. Every 1% decrease in the earths ozone shield is projected to increases the amount of UV light exposure to the lower atmosphere by 2%.

16. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) put chlorine into the stratosphere Cl + O3 ---> ClO + O2 ClO + O3 ---> 2 O2 + Cl

17. Prevention of Ozone Depletion The ozone layer is expected to eventually recover, if all nations maintain their efforts to reduce ozone-destroying chemicals. The ozone layer is expected to eventually recover, if all nations maintain their efforts to reduce ozone-destroying chemicals. Many countries of the world have moved to reduced the use of CFCs. Many countries of the world have moved to reduced the use of CFCs. There are four basic uses for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs); refrigerants, foam blowing agents, cleaning agents, and propellants. There are four basic uses for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs); refrigerants, foam blowing agents, cleaning agents, and propellants.

18. Why Recycling? Recycling is beneficial because it conserves valuable natural resources, reduces energy consumption in the manufacturing of goods, creates jobs, stimulates business development, extends the life of landfills, and reduces disposal costs. Recycling is beneficial because it conserves valuable natural resources, reduces energy consumption in the manufacturing of goods, creates jobs, stimulates business development, extends the life of landfills, and reduces disposal costs.

19. Did you know that? Recycling is an excellent way of saving energy and conserving the environment. Did you know that: Recycling is an excellent way of saving energy and conserving the environment. Did you know that: 1 recycled tin can would save enough energy to power a television for 3 hours. 1 recycled tin can would save enough energy to power a television for 3 hours. 1 recycled glass bottle would save enough energy to power a computer for 25 minutes. 1 recycled glass bottle would save enough energy to power a computer for 25 minutes. 1 recycled plastic bottle would save enough energy to power a 60-watt light bulb for 3 hours. 1 recycled plastic bottle would save enough energy to power a 60-watt light bulb for 3 hours. 70% less energy is required to recycle paper compared with making it from raw materials. 70% less energy is required to recycle paper compared with making it from raw materials.

20. Recycling Guidelines Plastic/Aluminum Plastic/Aluminum : Aluminum cans/plastic bottles only, rinse containers, remove cap/lid, label may remain on Glass Items Glass Items : Clear glass only, rinse containers, remove caps/lid, label may remain on Newspaper/Paper Newspaper/Paper : No glossy inserts, no magazines, remove staples Waste Waste : All pizza boxes, cereal boxes, cardboard, and waste must be brought to the dumpster outside Home Recycling Survey Home Recycling Survey http://dnr.wi.gov/org/caer/ce/eek/earth/recycle/recyquiz.htm

21. Reference http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Ozone/ozonel ayer.html http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Ozone/ozonel ayer.html http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Ozone/ozonel ayer.html http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Ozone/ozonel ayer.html http://www.ypte.org.uk/docs/factsheets/env_facts/acid_ rain.html http://www.ypte.org.uk/docs/factsheets/env_facts/acid_ rain.html http://www.ypte.org.uk/docs/factsheets/env_facts/acid_ rain.html http://www.ypte.org.uk/docs/factsheets/env_facts/acid_ rain.html http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_3_1.htm http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_3_1.htm http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_3_1.htm http://cantseetheforest.org/2006/08/28/greenhouse- gases-global-warming-and-climate-change-introduction/ http://cantseetheforest.org/2006/08/28/greenhouse- gases-global-warming-and-climate-change-introduction/ http://cantseetheforest.org/2006/08/28/greenhouse- gases-global-warming-and-climate-change-introduction/ http://cantseetheforest.org/2006/08/28/greenhouse- gases-global-warming-and-climate-change-introduction/ http://www.swindon-pond- clean.co.uk/wheelie%20bin%20clean/Recycle%20Tip's.h tm http://www.swindon-pond- clean.co.uk/wheelie%20bin%20clean/Recycle%20Tip's.h tm http://www.swindon-pond- clean.co.uk/wheelie%20bin%20clean/Recycle%20Tip's.h tm http://www.swindon-pond- clean.co.uk/wheelie%20bin%20clean/Recycle%20Tip's.h tm